With the potential of achieving high efficiency and low production costs, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attention. However, their unstableness under moist condition has retarded ...the commercial development. Recently, 2D perovskites have received a lot of attention due to their high moisture resistance. In this work, four quasi 2D quasi perovskites are prepared, then their stability under moist condition is investigated. The surface morphology, crystal structure, optical properties, and photovoltaic performance are measured. Among the four quasi‐2D perovskites, (C6H5CH2NH3)2(FA)8Pb9I28 has the best performance: uniform and dense film, extremely well‐oriented crystal structure, strong absorption, and a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.40%. The aging tests show that quasi‐2D perovskites are more stable under moist conditions than FAPbI3 is. The (C6H5CH2NH3)2(FA)8Pb9I28 quasi‐2D perovskite devices exhibit high humidity stability, maintaining 80% of the starting PCE after 500 h under 80% relative humidity. Compared with other quasi‐2D perovskites, (C6H5CH2NH3)2(FA)8Pb9I28 has the highest humidity stability, due to their strongest hydrophobicity from C6H5CH2NH3+. This work demonstrates that the properties of perovskite materials can be modified by adding different ammonium salts into FAPbI3. Thus, by introducing ammonium salts with high hydrophobic properties the fabrication of highly efficient and stable 2D PSCs may be possible.
Four quasi‐2D perovskites are prepared and used as a light‐absorbing layer. The results demonstrate that (C6H5CH2NH3)2(FA)8Pb9I28 exhibits uniform and dense film, well‐oriented crystal structure, and strong absorption and the device has a high PCE of 17.40% and an excellent moisture resistance. It can be found that introducing an ammonium salt with high hydrophobicity can achieve highly efficient and stable quasi‐2D perovskite devices.
One of the limitations of TiO2 based perovskite solar cells is the poor electron mobility of TiO2. Here, perovskite oxide BaSnO3 is used as a replacement. It has a higher electron mobility and the ...same perovskite structure as the light harvesting materials. After optimization, devices based on BaSnO3 showed the best performance of 12.3% vs. 11.1% for TiO2.
High efficiency organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have experienced rapid development and attracted significant attention in recent years. Electron transport layers (ETLs) play an ...important role in extracting and transporting electrons in devices. To date, the most widely used ETL is still based on TiO2, whereas studies on other novel ETLs are not sufficient. A novel mesoporous ETL based on La-doped BaSnO3 (LBSO) has been investigated herein. The LBSO nanoparticles were synthesized under relatively mild conditions and proven to be a suitable material for mesoporous ETL. After optimization, mesoporous LBSO-based solar cells exhibited the best power conversion efficiency of 15.1%. By comparing mesoporous LBSO, BSO, and TiO2-based devices, the LBSO-based devices exhibit the highest Jsc, which can be attributed to the much higher electron mobility of LBSO. The electron transport and recombination were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and transient absorption spectrum (TAS). The LBSO-based devices exhibit efficient electron transport and low recombination.
China has adopted a gradualism principle in establishing its carbon emission trading system from the regional pilot markets to a national one. In view of the huge market potential and large ...differences across China, this paper applies the cointegration test and VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) to investigate the long-run trends and the price dynamics of regional pilot markets. The results show that the prices of the regional pilot markets form three long-run trends exhibit mean-reversion patterns. The launch of the national market marks the different performance of regional pilot markets. After the launch of the national market, the number of long-run trends reduces from three to one and the severity of the mean-reversion patterns is eased, indicating the efficiency improvement in China’s carbon market from a fragmented toward a unified market. The policy implication is that China should further develop its national market by incorporating the regional markets into the national one and encouraging more market participants for market transaction.
African swine fever (ASF) causes high morbidity and mortality of both domestic pigs and wild boars and severely impacts the swine industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of ASF ...epidemics, mainly infects myeloid cells in swine mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including blood-circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Since their significant roles in bridging host innate and adaptive immunity, these cells provide ASFV with favorable targets to manipulate and block their antiviral activities, leading to immune escape and immunosuppression. To date, vaccines are still being regarded as the most promising measure to prevent and control ASF outbreaks. However, ASF vaccine development is delayed and limited by existing knowledge gaps in viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, etc. Recent studies have revealed that ASFV can employ diverse strategies to interrupt the host defense mechanisms via abundant self-encoded proteins. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the antagonisms of ASFV-encoded proteins towards IFN-I production, IFN-induced antiviral response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we also make a brief discussion concerning the potential challenges in future development of ASF vaccine.
A series of poly(ionic liquid)s-supported N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes (Poly(NHC-Ag/IL)s), poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) and poly(N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes) (Poly(NHC-Ag)s) were ...prepared through radical co-polymerization of
N
-vinylimidazolium ionic liquids, NHC-Ag monomers and divinylbenzene, respectively. These polymers were applied to catalyze the cycloaddition reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides without any co-catalyst. Poly(NHC-Ag/IL)s exhibited higher activities than the corresponding PILs and Poly(NHC-Ag)s, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of NHC-Ag and bromide. Furthermore, Poly(NHC-Ag/IL)s could be easily recycled five times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Graphic Abstract
Multi-functional poly(ionic liquid)s-supported N-heterocyclic carbene silver complexes (Poly(NHC-Ag/IL)s) were synthesized by radical co-polymerization of
N
-vinylimidazolium ionic liquids, NHC-Ag monomers and DVB. Poly(NHC-Ag/IL)s exhibited high activities for cycloaddition reaction of carbon dioxide and epoxides due to their multi-functional groups including Lewis acidic silver and a bromine anion.
Despite organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have rapid advances in power conversion efficiency in recent years, the serious instability of the device under practical working conditions is ...the current main challenge for commercialization. In this study, we have successfully inserted NH4I as an interfacial modifier between the TiO2 electron transport layer and perovskite layer. The result shows that it can significantly improve the quality of the perovskite films and electron extraction efficiency between the perovskite and electron transport layer. The devices with NH4I are obtained an improved power conversion efficiency of 18.31% under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm–2). More importantly, the humidity and UV light stability of the devices are greatly improved after adding NH4I layer. The uncoated devices only decrease by less than 15% of its original efficiency during 700-h stability tests in a humidity chamber (with a relative humidity of 80%) and the efficiency almost maintains 70% of its initial value over 20 h under UV light stress tests. This work provides a potential way by interfacial modification to significantly improve photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Under the goal of “Emission peak, carbon-neutral”, it has become an inevitable choice to build a new power system with new energy as the mainstay in the “14th Five-Year Plan” period. Wind power has ...become the hot spot of new energy development with its green, non-polluting, and renewable characteristics. In this paper, the investment risk evaluation index system of wind power projects is constructed for the investment risk characteristics of wind power projects, and the fuzzy-gray clustering trigonometric function comprehensive evaluation model is used to study the investment risk of wind power projects in China. The research results show that the risk evaluation index system constructed in this paper is reasonable, the evaluation results are consistent with the actual, and the evaluation method can be used as a reference tool for wind power project investment decisions.
•Effects of SRT on aromatic hydrocarbons removal and membrane fouling was studied.•Almost completely removal of aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained in MBRs.•The high LB-EPS concentration lead to ...severe membrane fouling.•Aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were found in MBRs.•Abundance of Deinococcus and Caldilineaceae were high at short SRT.
The treatment of oil refinery wastewater has attracted a significant attention for containing hazardous pollutants and causing adverse impacts on the environment. Three submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating synthetic oil refinery wastewater containing aromatic hydrocarbons including toluene and anthracene were operated at the different solids retention times (SRT) (10, 30 and 60 days) to investigate pollutants removals and membrane fouling characteristics. Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas capable of degrading aromatic compounds found in MBRs may contribute to high removal efficiencies (>99%) of aromatic hydrocarbons at three SRTs. It is observed that nitrifying bacteria at short SRT of 10 days was in low abundance, and the resulting removal efficiency of NH4+-N was only 79%, which is much lower than those in MBRs at the SRTs of 30 and 60 days (>97%). Severe membrane fouling and the minimal membrane fouling was observed at the SRT of 10 and 30 days respectively. Additionally, the investigation of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) content including the protein and polysaccharide induced by SRT indicated that high LB-EPS concentration at the SRT of 10 days caused severe membrane fouling. The relative abundances of the biofilm-forming bacteria Deinococcus and the bulking and foaming bacteria Caldilineaceae found in three MBRs correlated well with membrane fouling rate.
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•Perovskite layer have trivial influence on the temperature stability of PSCs.•HTM and additives are the main reasons leading to temperature instability of PSCs.•The devices based on ...P3HT exhibited excellent temperature stability over 800h.•This study achieved a new understanding to improve the temperature stability.
Organometal halide perovskite has recently emerged asa promising solar cell material. However, the instability of perovskite solar cells when exposed to moisture, light, oxygen, UV and temperature remains a key challenge to the commercialization. Among these factors, temperature instability has been a major obstacle to fabricating the long-term operational device. In this study, we tried to explore the effect of perovskite layer and hole transport material on the temperature stability of solar cell at different three temperatures (20, 60 and 85°C). The thermogravimetric analysis and absorption intensity variation characterization results on the perovskite layer indicated that the perovskite layer is not the main factor that leading to the temperature instability. Furthermore, temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the temperature has no remarkable effect on the crystal structure of perovskite materials. We also performed an aging test of the device by removing additives from spiro-OMeTAD HTM and the solar cells exhibited an improvement of temperature resistant, but it did not solve the problem of temperature instability. Finally, by using P3HT without additives to replace spiro-OMeTAD as HTM, we achieved the devices which can remain initial PCE after 800 h at 20, 60 and 85°C and display outstanding temperature resistant. These findings demonstrated that the temperature instability of perovskite solar cells is mainly affected by HTM and additive, not the perovskite layer.
