Solar‐driven high‐efficiency and direct conversion of methane into high‐value‐added liquid oxygenates against overoxidation remains a great challenge. Herein, facile and mass fabrication of low‐cost ...tungsten single‐atom photocatalysts is achieved by directly calcining urea and sodium tungstate under atmosphere (W‐SA‐PCN‐m, urea amount m = 7.5, 15, 30, and 150 g). The single‐atom photocatalysts can manage H2O2 in situ generation and decomposition into ·OH, thus achieving highly efficient CH4 photooxidation in water vapor under mild conditions. Systematic investigations demonstrate that integration of multifunctions of methane activation, H2O2 generation, and decomposition into one photocatalyst can dramatically promote methane conversion to C1 oxygenates with a yield as high as 4956 µmol gcat−1, superior to that of the most reported non‐precious photocatalysts. Liquid–solid phase transition can induce the products to facilely switch in from HCOOH to CH3OH by pulling the catalyst above water with CH3OH/HCOOH ratio from 10% (in H2O) to 80% (above H2O).
The mass fabrication of low‐cost tungsten single atom photocatalysts is achieved by directly calcining urea and sodium tungstate under atmosphere. These single‐atom photocatalysts can manage H2O2 in situ generation and decomposition into ·OH to achieve highly efficient CH4 photooxidation in water vapor, and the products can be facilely switched from HCOOH to CH3OH by the liquid–solid phase transition.
Synapses, as fundamental units of the neural circuitry, enable complex behaviors. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse type that forms between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers and that ...exhibits a high degree of subcellular specialization. Aided by genetic techniques and suitable animal models, studies in the past decade have brought significant progress in identifying NMJ components and assembly mechanisms. This review highlights recent advances in the study of NMJ development, focusing on signaling pathways that are activated by diffusible cues, which shed light on synaptogenesis in the brain and contribute to a better understanding of muscular dystrophy.
Holes in holes: By using a modified colloidal crystal templating method, periodically ordered macroporous architectures with controllable dual porosity are fabricated (see picture). Taking BiVO4 as ...an example, these unique structures provide a platform for a better understanding of the correlation between material geometrical features and charge migration for the photoelectrochemical water splitting process.
The figure shows that ecosystem services value in Fujian from 2000 to 2018 continuously declined, with a decrease of 686.23 billion Chinese yuan in the past 18 years; The value provided by secondary ...ecosystem services followed that regulatory service > support service > supply service > cultural service. The results can not only provide basic data for inter-regional ecological compensation, but also serve as reference cases for other countries/regions to carry out relevant research work.
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•We modified ecosystem services (ES) equivalent value per-unit area.•Willingness to pay and ability to pay were introduced in the evaluation model.•Quantified how land use change affect the multiple ES.•Among four types of ES, the value provided by regulatory service is dominant.•The results can provide basic data for inter-regional ecological compensation.
The spatial relationship between land use change and ecosystem services is still unclear, which constrains the formulation of corresponding policies on land use and eco-environment protection. This study attempts to fill this gap by quantitatively analyzing the relationship between land use change and ecosystem services value from a spatial perspective at the provincial scale in China. To this end, the characteristics of land use change in Fujian province of China from 2000 to 2018 were systematically analyzed by using the single land use dynamic degree on the basis of obtaining five-phase land use data through supervised classification of Landsat TM/OLI RS images. Subsequently, the equivalent coefficient was modified and willingness to pay and ability to pay were introduced in the evaluation model, which was reconstructed to measure its ecosystem services value (ESV). The results indicated that: (1) Land use change is the main driving force for the spatial pattern of ecosystem services and overall supply changes; (2) ESV in Fujian from 2000 to 2018 continuously declined, with a decrease of 686.23 billion Chinese yuan in the past 18 years; (3) The value provided by secondary ecosystem services followed that regulatory service > support service > supply service > cultural service. The above results can not only provide basic data for inter-regional ecological compensation, but also serve as reference cases for other countries/regions to carry out relevant research work.
Identifying the potential key factors of energy-related carbon emissions from the urban perspective is an important prerequisite and helpful for China to promote low-carbon city and achieve its ...reduction targets. Although most studies have explored the driving forces behind carbon emissions, there is still considerable room to improve the methods of previous research. This study therefore built an extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model, combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to analyse the influencing factors of city-level carbon emissions from 2008 to 2017 in Fujian province, China. Compared to most methods used in previous studies, the STIRPAT-PLSR model can eliminate multi-collinearity and residuals, which enables it to display better decomposition characteristics. The results revealed that the total carbon emissions in Fujian province was 16577 × 104 tonnes of carbon in 2017, with an increase of 39.85% compared with that in 2008. In terms of spatial distribution, carbon emissions in the coastal regions were more than those in the inland areas. Meanwhile, the positive drivers of urban carbon emissions in Fujian include population, urbanization rate, per capita GDP, primary industry ratio, secondary industry ratio, and energy intensity, with cumulative contributions (mean value) of 95.21, 110.97, 103.95, 99.89, 109.17 and 96.35%, respectively. Furthermore, the tertiary industry ratio displays an inhibition effect, and every 1% increase in the tertiary sector’s share of GDP is associated with a 0.776% (mean value) reduction in carbon emissions in Fujian. Additionally, city-scale spatial differences in and distribution patterns of carbon emissions within the same province, which will aid decision making in terms of carbon trading and ecological compensation mechanisms. Therefore, the policymakers should formulate reduction policies according to the characteristics of the city based on the vital driving factors, including industrial restructuring and upgrading, promoting eco-urbanization construction, which can be considered as a valid solution for win-win targets of regional economic development and carbon emissions reduction.
To compare the different actions of the two representative transition metal cations of Co2+ and Ni2+ in layered double hydroxides (LDHs), CoAl-LDH and NiAl-LDH intercalated with CO32− were ...synthesized, and the chemical structures, microstructures, and surface areas thereof were successfully characterized. Then, the two LDHs were utilized as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for silicone foam (SiF). The densities, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, thermal stabilities, and compressive strengths of the two SiF/LDHs nanocomposites were investigated. The introduction of LDHs slightly decreased the density of SiF due to the catalytic actions of Co and Ni during the foaming process of SiF. With respect to the flame retardancy, the addition of only 1 phr of either CoAl-LDH or NiAl-LDH could effectively improve the limiting oxygen index of SiF from 28.7 to 29.6%. Based on the results of vertical flame testing and a cone calorimeter test, the flame retardancy and fire safety of the SiF were effectively enhanced by the incorporation of LDHs. In addition, owing to the good catalytic action and large specific surface area (NiAl-LDH: 174.57 m2 g−1; CoAl-LDH: 51.47 m2 g−1), NiAl-LDH revealed higher efficiencies of flame retardancy and smoke suppression than those of CoAl-LDH. According to the results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Co and Ni participated in the formation of protective char layers, which inhibited the release of SiO2 into the gas phase. Finally, the influences on the thermal decomposition and compressive strength for SiF resulting from the addition of LDHs are discussed.
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and ...affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The dentate gyrus, a “gate” that controls the flow of information into the hippocampus, is critical for learning, memory, spatial navigation, and mood regulation. Several lines of evidence have ...demonstrated that deficits in dentate granule cells (DGCs) (e.g., loss of DGCs or genetic mutations in DGCs) contribute to the development of various psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Whereas ventral DGCs are believed to be critical for mood regulation, the functions of dorsal DGCs in this regard remain elusive. Here, we review the role of DGCs, in particular the dorsal DGCs, in the regulation of mood, their functional relationships with DGC development, and the contributions of dysfunctional DGCs to mental disorders.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with symptoms including social deficits, anxiety, and communication difficulties. However, ASD pathogenic mechanisms are ...poorly understood. Mutations of CUL3, which encodes Cullin 3 (CUL3), a component of an E3 ligase complex, are thought of as risk factors for ASD and schizophrenia (SCZ). CUL3 is abundant in the brain, yet little is known of its function. Here, we show that CUL3 is critical for neurodevelopment. CUL3-deficient mice exhibited social deficits and anxiety-like behaviors with enhanced glutamatergic transmission and neuronal excitability. Proteomic analysis revealed eIF4G1, a protein for Cap-dependent translation, as a potential target of CUL3. ASD-associated cellular and behavioral deficits could be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of the eIF4G1 function and chemogenetic inhibition of neuronal activity. Thus, CUL3 is critical to neural development, neurotransmission, and excitation-inhibition (E-I) balance. Our study provides novel insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of ASD and SCZ.
•Cul3 mutant mice exhibits social behavioral deficits and anxiety-like behaviors•CUL3 deficiency impairs neurotransmission, excitability, and E-I balance•Protein translation and synaptic vesicle turnover are increased in Cul3 mutant mice•Inhibiting protein translation rescues social behavior and neurotransmission deficits
Mutations of CUL3, a component of an E3 ligase complex, are thought of as risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. Here, Dong et al. show CUL3 deficiency in mice causes social deficits and anxiety-like behaviors and enhances glutamatergic transmission and neuronal excitability. Proteomic analysis reveals eIF4G1, a protein for Cap-dependent translation, as a potential target of CUL3 deficiency. Pharmacological inhibition of eIF4G1 and chemogenetic inhibition of neuronal activity attenuates ASD-associated cellular and behavioral deficits.
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