Arad and Rubinstein (2012a) have designed a novel game to study level-k reasoning experimentally. Just like them, we find that the depth of reasoning is very limited and clearly different from that ...in equilibrium play. We show that such behavior is even robust to repetitions; hence there is, at best, little learning. However, under time pressure, behavior is, perhaps coincidentally, closer to that in equilibrium play. We argue that time pressure evokes intuitive reasoning and reduces the focal attraction of choosing higher (and per se more profitable) numbers in the game. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We utilize a laboratory experiment to compare effort provision under optimal tournament contracts with different distributions of prizes which motivate agents to compete to be first, avoid being ...last, or both. We find that the combined tournament contract incorporating both incentives at the top and at the bottom induces the highest effort, especially in larger groups. Avoiding being last produces the lowest variance of effort and is more effective at motivating employees compared to competing for the top.
•We study an n-person Lazear–Rosen contest which varies the prize structure.•Our main treatments include one top prize, one bottom prize or a blend of the two.•We find that the contest with the single top prize performs the worst.•Our findings cannot be fully explained by the standard theory, QRE or best responses.
The shape of a wave carries all information about the spatial and temporal structure of its source, given that the medium and its properties are known. Most modern imaging methods seek to utilize ...this nature of waves originating from Huygens' principle. We discuss the retrieval of the complete kinetic energy distribution from the acoustic trace that is recorded when a short ion bunch deposits its energy in water. This novel method, which we refer to as Ion-Bunch Energy Acoustic Tracing (I-BEAT), is a refinement of the ionoacoustic approach. With its capability of completely monitoring a single, focused proton bunch with prompt readout and high repetition rate, I-BEAT is a promising approach to meet future requirements of experiments and applications in the field of laser-based ion acceleration. We demonstrate its functionality at two laser-driven ion sources for quantitative online determination of the kinetic energy distribution in the focus of single proton bunches.
Understanding the relationships between structure and properties of aluminosilicate glasses is of interest in magmatic studies as well as for glass applications as mechanical or optical components. ...Glass properties may be tailored by the incorporation of additional elements, and here we studied the effect of phosphate incorporation on refractive index and the degree of ionic bonding in aluminosilicate glasses. The studied glasses in the system SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Na
2
OP
2
O
5
had a metaluminous composition (Al:Na = 1) with the content of SiO
2
ranging from 50 to 70 mol% and of P
2
O
5
from 0 to 7.5 mol%. Refractive index was measured at four wavelengths from visible to near-infrared and found to decrease both with increasing P
2
O
5
content (at the expense of NaAlO
2
) and with increasing SiO
2
content (by substitution of SiO
4
for AlO
4
groups). This trend correlated with a decrease in density while, additionally, the formation of AlOP bonds with an SiO
2
-like structure may account for this change. The degree of ionic bonding, assessed
via
optical basicity and oxygen polarisability, decreased with increasing P
2
O
5
and SiO
2
content. Despite the complexity of the studied glasses, oxygen polarisability and optical basicity were found to follow Duffy's empirical equation for simple oxide glasses. In the high frequency infrared and Raman spectra, band shifts were observed with increasing P
2
O
5
and SiO
2
content. They indicated changing average bond strength of the glass network and showed a linear correlation with optical basicity.
The average shift of high-frequency IR and Raman spectra, calculated as their centre of gravity (COG), correlates linearly with optical basicity and allows for estimating the average degree of covalent/ionic bonding by vibrational spectroscopy.
For multi-field simulations involving a larger number of different physical fields and in cases where the involved fields or simulation codes change due to new modelling insights, e.g., flexible and ...robust partitioned coupling schemes are an important prerequisite to keep time-to-solution within reasonable limits. They allow for a fast, almost plug-and-play combination of existing established codes to the respective multi-field simulation environment. In this paper, we study a class of coupling approaches that we originally introduced in order to improve the parallel scalability of partitioned simulations. Due to the symmetric structure of these coupling methods and the use of ’long’ vectors of coupling data comprising the input and output of all involved codes at a time, they turn out to be particularly suited also for simulations involving more than two coupled fields. As standard two-field coupling schemes are not suited for such cases as shown in our numerical results, this allows the simulation of a new range of applications in a partitioned way.
Tournaments are widely used in organizations, explicitly or implicitly, to reward the best‐performing employees, for example, by promotion or bonuses, and/or to penalize the worst‐performing ...employees, for example, by demotion, withholding bonuses, or unfavorable job assignments. These incentive schemes can be interpreted as various prize allocations based on the employees' relative performance. While the optimal prize allocation in tournaments of symmetric agents is relatively well understood, little is known about the impact of the allocation of prizes on the effectiveness of tournament incentive schemes for heterogeneous agents. We show that while multiple prize allocation rules are equivalent when agents are symmetric in their ability, the equivalence is broken in the presence of heterogeneity. Under a wide range of conditions, loser‐prize tournaments, that is, tournaments that award a low prize to relatively few bottom performers, are optimal for the firm. The reason is that low‐ability agents are discouraged less in such tournaments, as compared to winner‐prize tournaments awarding a high prize to few top performers, and hence can be compensated less to meet their participation constraints. (JEL M52, J33, J24)
•We study subjects/groups’ proneness to behavioral biases in investment experiments.•Communication and group decision making do not reduce proneness to two biases.•Groups rely less on useless outside ...advice from “experts”.•Groups are more likely to take decisions which are expected value maximizing.•Female only groups are more prone to the hot hand belief than male only groups.
In laboratory experiments we explore the effects of communication and group decision making on investment behavior and on subjects’ proneness to behavioral biases. Most importantly, we show that communication and group decision making do not impact subjects’ overall proneness to the hot hand fallacy and to the gambler's fallacy. However, groups decide differently than individuals, as they rely significantly less on useless outside advice from “experts” and choose the risk-free option less frequently. Furthermore we document gender differences in investment behavior: groups of two female subjects choose the risk-free investment more often and are marginally more prone to the hot hand fallacy than groups of two male subjects.
Interfacial Growth of Zinc Oxide
As reported by Guobin Jia and co‐workers in article number 2200936, ZnO origami structures comprising of quasi 2D ZnO nanosheets show very broad band visible ...light‐driven photocatalytic activity, verified by monochromatic LED light sources. The visible light‐driven photocatalytic effect is attributed to the carriers generated through the interband defect levels (IDLs) and fast carrier migration to the surface, so that the competing carrier recombination at IDLs is diminished.
In this paper we report on an alternative technique for the preparation of ytterbium (Yb)-doped silica fibers and their characteristics compared to the conventional modified chemical vapor deposition ...(MCVD) process in combination with solution doping and powder sinter technology (REPUSIL). In the case of the technique applied here, the active core diameter in the preform can be significantly increased via the deposition of Yb and the most important codopant, aluminum (Al), in the gas phase through the high-temperature evaporation of the Yb chelate compound and Al chloride in the MCVD process. The prepared preform shows a homogenous distribution of the refractive index and dopant concentration. The background loss of the drawn fiber was measured to be 25 dB km−1 at 1200 nm. Efficient lasing up to 200 W, showing a slope efficiency of about 80%, was demonstrated, which is comparable to fibers made via MCVD/solution doping and the REPUSIL technique.
![Level-[kappa] reasoning and...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0165-1765/small "Level-[kappa] reasoning and time pressure in the 11-20 money request game")
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