Rankings are omnipresent in the finance industry, yet the literature is silent on how they impact financial professionals' behavior. Using lab-in-the-field experiments with 657 professionals and lab ...experiments with 432 students, we investigate how rank incentives affect investment decisions. We find that both rank and tournament incentives increase risk-taking among underperforming professionals, while only tournament incentives affect students. This rank effect is robust to the experimental frame (investment frame vs. abstract frame), to payoff consequences (own return vs. family return), to social identity priming (private identity vs. professional identity), and to professionals' gender (no gender differences among professionals).
Many bacteria employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) injectisome to translocate proteins into eukaryotic host cells. Although the T3SS can efficiently export heterologous cargo proteins, a lack of ...target cell specificity currently limits its application in biotechnology and healthcare. In this study, we exploit the dynamic nature of the T3SS to govern its activity. Using optogenetic interaction switches to control the availability of the dynamic cytosolic T3SS component SctQ, T3SS-dependent effector secretion can be regulated by light. The resulting system, LITESEC-T3SS (Light-induced translocation of effectors through sequestration of endogenous components of the T3SS), allows rapid, specific, and reversible activation or deactivation of the T3SS upon illumination. We demonstrate the light-regulated translocation of heterologous reporter proteins, and induction of apoptosis in cultured eukaryotic cells. LITESEC-T3SS constitutes a new method to control protein secretion and translocation into eukaryotic host cells with unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution.
Bubbles and Financial Professionals Weitzel, Utz; Huber, Christoph; Huber, Jürgen ...
The Review of financial studies,
06/2020, Letnik:
33, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The efficiency of financial markets and their potential to produce bubbles are central topics in academic and professional debates. Yet, little is known about the contribution of financial ...professionals to price efficiency. We run 116 experimental markets with 412 professionals and 502 students. We find that professional markets with bubble drivers–capital inflows or high initial capital supply–are susceptible to bubbles, although they are more efficient than student markets. In mixed markets with students, bubbles also occur, but professionals act as price stabilizers. We show that heterogeneous price beliefs drive overpricing, especially in bubble-prone market environments.
ABSTRACT
Optogenetics holds the promise of controlling biological processes with superb temporal and spatial resolution at minimal perturbation. Although many of the light-reactive proteins used in ...optogenetic systems are derived from prokaryotes, applications were largely limited to eukaryotes for a long time. In recent years, however, an increasing number of microbiologists use optogenetics as a powerful new tool to study and control key aspects of bacterial biology in a fast and often reversible manner. After a brief discussion of optogenetic principles, this review provides an overview of the rapidly growing number of optogenetic applications in bacteria, with a particular focus on studies venturing beyond transcriptional control. To guide future experiments, we highlight helpful tools, provide considerations for successful application of optogenetics in bacterial systems, and identify particular opportunities and challenges that arise when applying these approaches in bacteria.
This review highlights the diversity of optogenetic approaches in prokaryotes and aims to provides microbiologists with a guide for the application of light for precise, reversible and non-invasive control of biological processes in bacteria.
The development from single shot basic laser plasma interaction research toward experiments in which repetition rated laser-driven ion sources can be applied requires technological improvements. For ...example, in the case of radio-biological experiments, irradiation duration and reproducible controlled conditions are important for performing studies with a large number of samples. We present important technological advancements of recent years at the ATLAS 300 laser in Garching near Munich since our last radiation biology experiment. Improvements range from target positioning over proton transport and diagnostics to specimen handling. Exemplarily, we show the current capabilities by performing an application oriented experiment employing the zebrafish embryo model as a living vertebrate organism for laser-driven proton irradiation. The size, intensity, and energy of the laser-driven proton bunches resulted in evaluable partial body changes in the small (<1 mm) embryos, confirming the feasibility of the experimental system. The outcomes of this first study show both the appropriateness of the current capabilities and the required improvements of our laser-driven proton source for in vivo biological experiments, in particular the need for accurate, spatially resolved single bunch dosimetry and image guidance.
The increasing fields of applications for modern optical fibers present great challenges to the material properties and the processing technology of fiber optics. This paper gives an overview of the ...capabilities and limitations of established vapor deposition fiber preform technologies, and discusses new techniques for improved and extended doping properties in fiber preparation. In addition, alternative fabrication technologies are discussed, such as a powder-based process (REPUSIL) and an optimized glass melting method to overcome the limits of conventional vapor deposition methods concerning the volume fabrication of rare earth (RE)-doped quartz and high silica glasses. The new preform technologies are complementary with respect to enhanced RE solubility, the adjustment of nonlinear fiber properties, and the possibility of hybrid fiber fabrication. The drawing technology is described based on the requirements of specialty fibers such as adjusted preform and fiber diameters, varying coating properties, and the microstructuring of fiber configurations as low as in the nanometer range.
preCICE is a free/open-source coupling library. It enables creating partitioned multi-physics simulations by gluing together separate software packages.
This paper summarizes the development efforts ...in preCICE of the past five years. During this time span, we have turned the software from a working prototype -- sophisticated numerical coupling methods and scalability on ten thousands of compute cores -- to a sustainable and user-friendly software project with a steadily-growing community. Today, we know through forum discussions, conferences, workshops, and publications of more than 100 research groups using preCICE. We cover the fundamentals of the software alongside a performance and accuracy analysis of different data mapping methods. Afterwards, we describe ready-to-use integration with widely-used external simulation software packages, tests, and continuous integration from unit to system level, and community building measures, drawing an overview of the current preCICE ecosystem.
The 'Centre for Advanced Laser Applications' (CALA) is a new research institute for laser-based acceleration of electron beams for brilliant x-ray generation, laser-driven sub-nanosecond bunches of ...protons and heavy ions for biomedical applications like imaging and tumour therapy as well as for nuclear and high-field physics. The radiation sources emerging from experiments using the up to 2.5 petawatt laser pulses with 25 femtosecond duration will be mixed particle-species of high intensity, high energy and pulsed, thus posing new challenges compared to conventional radiation protection. Such worldwide pioneering laser experiments result in source characteristics that require careful a-priori radiation safety simulations. The FLUKA Monte-Carlo code was used to model the five CALA experimental caves, including the corridors, halls and air spaces surrounding the caves. Beams of electrons ( <5 GeV), protons ( <200 MeV), 12C ( <400MeV/u) and 197Au ( <10MeV/u) ions were simulated using spectra, divergences and bunch-charges based on expectations from recent scientific progress. Simulated dose rates locally can exceed 1.5 kSv h−1 inside beam dumps. Vacuum pipes in the cave walls for laser transport and extraction channels for the generated x-rays result in small dose leakage to neighboring areas. Secondary neutrons contribute to most of the prompt dose rate outside caves into which the beam is delivered. This secondary radiation component causes non-negligible dose rates to occur behind walls to which large fluences of secondary particles are directed. By employing adequate beam dumps matched to beam-divergence, magnets, passive shielding and laser pulse repetition limits, average dose rates in- and outside the experimental building stay below design specifications ( <0.5μSv h−1) for unclassified areas, <2.5μSv h−1 for supervised areas, <7.5μSv h−1 maximum local dose rate) and regulatory limits ( <1mSv a−1 for unclassified areas).
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