Pulmonary innate immunity is required for host defense; however, excessive neutrophil inflammation can cause life-threatening acute lung injury. B lymphocytes can be regulatory, yet little is known ...about peripheral transitional IgM+ B cells in terms of regulatory properties. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we discovered eight IgM+ B cell subsets with unique gene regulatory networks in the lung circulation dominated by transitional type 1 B and type 2 B (T2B) cells. Lung intravital confocal microscopy revealed that T2B cells marginate in the pulmonary capillaries via CD49e and require CXCL13 and CXCR5. During lung inflammation, marginated T2B cells dampened excessive neutrophil vascular inflammation via the specialized proresolving molecule lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Exogenous CXCL13 dampened excessive neutrophilic inflammation by increasing marginated B cells, and LXA4 recapitulated neutrophil regulation in B cell-deficient mice during inflammation and fungal pneumonia. Thus, the lung microvasculature is enriched in multiple IgM+ B cell subsets with marginating capillary T2B cells that dampen neutrophil responses.
Despite their importance in tissue maintenance and repair, fibroblast diversity and plasticity remain poorly understood. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we uncover distinct sclerotome-derived ...fibroblast populations in zebrafish, including progenitor-like perivascular/interstitial fibroblasts, and specialized fibroblasts such as tenocytes. To determine fibroblast plasticity in vivo, we develop a laser-induced tendon ablation and regeneration model. Lineage tracing reveals that laser-ablated tenocytes are quickly regenerated by preexisting fibroblasts. By combining single-cell clonal analysis and live imaging, we demonstrate that perivascular/interstitial fibroblasts actively migrate to the injury site, where they proliferate and give rise to new tenocytes. By contrast, perivascular fibroblast–derived pericytes or specialized fibroblasts, including tenocytes, exhibit no regenerative plasticity. Active Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is required for the proliferation of activated fibroblasts to ensure efficient tenocyte regeneration. Together, our work highlights the functional diversity of fibroblasts and establishes perivascular/interstitial fibroblasts as tenocyte progenitors that promote tendon regeneration in a Hh signaling–dependent manner.
Perivascular/interstitial fibroblasts function as plastic progenitors during tenocyte regeneration.
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly malignant tumour driven by a subset of self-renewing cells termed glioblastoma stem cells. This self-renewal phenotype is largely epigenetically driven, however, the ...exact epigenetic mechanisms underpinning it are poorly understood. We found that the histone variant macroH2A2 is repressed in a subset of glioblastoma tumours, and that this repression is associated with poorer survival. We interrogate the function of macroH2A2 using in vitro and in vivo patient-derived models. We show that macroH2A2 antagonizes self-renewal and expression of NPC and OPC-like markers, and rewires accessible chromatin by maintaining accessibility at a subset of enhancer elements. We identify small molecules that can upregulate macroH2A2 expression, and find that treatment with a small molecule reduces self-renewal, induces interferon sensitive genes, and a viral mimicry response, effects which are abolished by macroH2A2 knockdown. In summary, we identify macroH2A2 as a repressor of self-renewal in glioblastoma and suggest it may be a novel biomarker and potential marker of therapeutic susceptibility.
Inhibition of regeneration and induction of tissue fibrosis are classic outcomes of tissue repair in adult mammals. Here, using a newly developed model of regeneration in adult mammals i.e. ...regeneration after massive resection of an inguinal fat pad, we demonstrate that both endogenous and exogenous opioids prevent tissue regeneration in adults, by inhibiting the early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generally occurs after lesion and is required for regeneration. These effects can be overcome and regeneration induced by the use of an opioid antagonist. The results obtained in both our new model and the gold standard adult zebrafish demonstrate that this mechanism can be considered as a general paradigm in vertebrates. This work clearly demonstrates that ROS is required for tissue regeneration in adult mammals and shows the deleterious effect of opioids on tissue regeneration through the control of this ROS production. It thus raises questions about opioid-based analgesia in perioperative care.
Le tissu adipeux (TA) est connu pour sa plasticité puisqu'il est capable de s'hypertrophier ou de s'atrophier, en fonction de la situation métabolique de l'individu. Cette plasticité est liée au fait ...que le TA joue un double rôle dans le maintien de la balance énergétique : il est à la fois i) réserve d'énergie mobilisable (adipocytes blancs) mais également ii) consommateur d'énergie via la thermogénèse (adipocytes bruns, adipocytes beiges). En raison de l'évolution croissante des maladies métaboliques dites de surcharge dans lesquelles ce TA va s'hypertrophier, la majorité des études abordent cette notion de plasticité à l'échelle cellulaire, et se focalise ainsi sur les adipocytes (prolifération, différenciation, activité) et les autres populations cellulaires résidant dans le TA, capables d'interagir avec eux. En revanche, il y a très peu d'études sur cette plasticité à l'échelle tissulaire. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée i) à l'organisation tissulaire d'un dépôt de TA blanc (dépôt sous-cutané inguinal) et ii) les conséquences d'une ablation massive du TA blanc. L'ensemble de ce travail a été réalisé chez la souris.A l'aide de l'imagerie 3D sur tissu entier, nous montrons que ce dépôt est hétérogène : il est composé d'une partie dans laquelle il est possible de segmenter des entités fonctionnelles (lobules ?), située au cœur du dépôt, et d'une partie non segmentable, située à la périphérie du dépôt. Cette hétérogénéité structurale est associée à une hétérogénéité fonctionnelle : les deux régions se distinguent en termes de morphologie adipocytaire et de pattern d'expression génique. De plus, seule la partie segmentable répond à la mise au froid des animaux par une up-régulation du niveau d'expression d'Ucp1 et d'autres gènes marqueurs du " brunissement ". Parallèlement à cela, nous montrons que selon la souche de souris (C57bl6 et MRL), la réponse du TA inguinal à une ablation partielle n'est pas la même : chez la souris MRL (rare mammifère capable de régénération), ce dépôt adipeux est capable de régénérer, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez la souris C57Bl/6. La régénération est inhibée chez la souris MRL par un traitement avec un agoniste des récepteurs aux opioïdes (tramadol) alors qu'elle peut être induite chez la souris C57Bl/6 par un antagoniste de ces récepteurs (naloxone). Cette régénération est dépendante d'une forte et intense production d'espèces actives de l'oxygène par les granulocytes. L'utilisation de souris invalidées pour le récepteur mu démontre l'implication de cette sous-famille de récepteurs. Enfin, cet effet des opioïdes est majoritairement le fait des cellules immunitaires, et plus particulièrement les granulocytes. Ces données mettent en exergue une nouvelle vision du TA blanc sous - cutané, qui ne doit pas être considéré comme un tissu inerte mais bel et bien comme un tissu hétérogène complexe (structurellement et fonctionnellement) pouvant être capable de régénération.
Adipose tissue (AT) is very plastic tissue. During metabolic disease, it would be overdeveloped or atrophy. It is due to the fact that AT is i) energy storage thanks to white adipocyte and ii) energy consumer thanks to brown or brite adipocyte. The cellular composition is very well studied (adipocytes activity, proliferation, differenciation, link between AT stromal cells / adipocytes) but the tissue organization of AT is not known. During my thesis work, we study the i) tissular organization of white AT and ii) AT response after massive removal of white AT. Mice are used for this work. In the first step, our 3 dimensional imaging of white AT shows that AT is heterogeneous tissue: AT has 2 components: segmentable area, in the AT core and non-segmentable area, in the AT periphery. This structural heterogeneity is correlated with functional heterogeneity because segementable area differs to non-segmentable area from adipocyte shape and pattern genic expression. Furthermore, only segmentable area can be respond to cold exposure by Ucp1 up-regulation and browning genes markers. In the second step, massive ablation of subcutaneous white AT is performed on two mice strains: C57Bl/6 and MRL (known to be able to regenerate). MRL mice inguinal AT regenerate, unlike inguinal AT of C57Bl/6 mice. The use of antagonist of opioid receptor (naloxone) treatment leads regeneration AT in C57Bl/6. In opposite, opioid receptor agonist (tramadol) treatment in MRL mice inhibits AT regeneration. AT regeneration is dependant of burst oxydatif production by granulocytes. The use of the receptor knock down mice highlights that is the only receptor is involved in AT regeneration. More precisely, opioids effects are mediated by receptor on granulocyte immune cells.
In mammalian testis, contractile peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) regulate the transport of sperm and luminal fluid, while secreting growth factors and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins to support ...the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche. However, little is known about the role of testicular smooth muscle cells during the postnatal testicular development. Here we report age-dependent expression of Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (Hic1, ZBTB29) in testicular smooth muscle cells, including PMCs and vascular smooth muscle cells in mouse. Postnatal deletion of Hic1 in smooth muscle cells led to their increased proliferation and resulted in dilation of seminiferous tubules with increased numbers of PMC. These seminiferous tubules contained fewer Sertoli cells and more spermatogonia, and fibronectin was not detected in their basement membrane. The expression levels of genes encoding smooth muscle contractile proteins, Acta2 and Cnn1, were down regulated in the smooth muscle cells lacking Hic1, and the seminiferous tubules appeared to have reduced contractility. These data imply a role for Hic1 in determining the size of seminiferous tubules by regulating postnatal smooth muscle cell proliferation, subsequently affecting spermatogenesis at adulthood.
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