In this paper, author discusses and analyzes the normative regulation of the position of city officials and civil servants, their legal status and the payment system in the Osijek city administration ...in the period from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 to the promulgation of the 1934 Municipalities Act. In covering the topic, the author primarily used the relevant legislation and the archival material available at the State Archives in Osijek. Considering the position of city officials and civil servants in the city of Osijek between the two world wars in relation to their position during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the normative analysis shows that city officials and civil servants were part of the occupational classification system in the interwar period. The city employees were ranked according to types of occupations and the level of professional qualifications required to perform them. Until then, the salaries of city employees were regulated by Austro-Hungarian laws, according to which there were wage classes, and city municipalities had some kind of financial autonomy in determining the amount of salaries of city employees. A significant novelty in the inter-war period was the established system of dividing payments into basic and position wages, including bonuses. The salaries of city employees were made equal to those of state servants. It resulted in introducing an evaluation system which was directly related to the exercise of individual rights and determining the responsibilities of city employees. The Statutes related to the evaluation system included the possibility of promotion and demotion (to a higher or a lower payment class), termination of service, and loss of pension. Consequently, it may be concluded that the main purpose of the evaluation system was to institute the standards for rewards or penalties.
Gratuitous contracts (bailments) are the most common legal affairs in everyday legal transactions. On the one hand, their informal nature that distinguishes them from other legal affairs facilitates ...their application; on the other hand, it complicates the legal position of the contracting parties in case of breach of contractual obligations. Liability for breach of contractual obligation equally affects both contracting parties: the creditor and the debtor. In accordance with the principle of utility, the debtor is a contracting party that benefits most from the conclusion of a gratuitous contract. However, the discussions about the creditor's obligations and the liability criteria have been quite rare ever since the development of the earliest legal systems. This is not surprising given the fact that the gratuitous contracts are, almost as a rule, concluded between friends and acquaintances, and marked by the trust of the contracting parties. The foundations of the privileged liability of creditors, both in Western European legal systems and in Croatian law, are based on Roman law principles, which have been entered into the modern law of obligations through reception of the ius commune legal norms. As the issue of creditors' liability in gratuitous contracts has not been sufficiently examined in the Croatian scientific literature, this research is aimed at exploring and establishing the legal grounds of liability of the lender (creditor), the depositor, and the donor in Croatian law, by analyzing and comparing the available historical sources of Croatian medieval law. In that context, the authors will also discuss in more detail the reasons for enacting the unique legal solutions contained in the Croatian Obligations Act.
U ovome radu autori istražuju pravno uređenje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća. Diljem Austro-Ugarske Monarhije prostitucija je bila legalna, ali je zbog moralnih, a ...prije svega zdravstvenih razloga, bila ograničena odredbama Kaznenog zakona iz 1852. godine. Te su odredbe bile općenite naravi, a reguliranje propisa vezanih za djelovanje bludilišta prepušteno je lokalnim (redarstvenim) vlastima. U glavnom dijelu rada, na temelju izvorne arhivske građe, autori detaljno analiziraju odredbe „Osnova pravilnika za nadziranje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku“ iz 1881. godine, odredbe „Pravilnika o uređenju i nadziranju prostitucije“ iz 1896. te izmjene koje je 1911. godine donio „Pravilnik za bludilišta u slob. i kr. gradu Osijeku“, odobren na temelju Naredbe Kr. zemaljske vlade, odjela za unutarnje poslove od 19. svibnja 1911. U fokusu analize navedeni su pravni propisi, a dodatno se analizira djelovanje prostitucije u gradu Osijeku sa sociolingvističkog stajališta na temelju oglasa objavljivanih u lokalnom tisku. Kao rezultat proučavanja izvorne arhivske građe, na kraju se zaključuje da je Osijek bio dio tadašnjih europskih strujanja u pogledu pravne regulacije prostitucije, ali je ta djelatnost i dalje smatrana društveno neprihvatljivom, što dokazuje sociolingvistička analiza oglasa objavljenih krajem 19. stoljeća u časopisima Slawonische Presse i Die Drau.
In this paper, the authors investigate the legal regulation of prostitution in the city of Osijek
at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The introductory section offers a brief
description of the multicultural urban environment of the city of Osijek and various aspects of
public life in the city in the historical period of research. Throughout the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, prostitution was legal, but due to moral and, above all, health reasons, it was limited
by the provisions of the Penal Code from 1852. These provisions were of a general nature, and
the specific regulation related to the operation of brothels was left to local (police) authorities.
Therefore, in the main part of the paper, based on the original archival materials available in the
State Archives of Osijek, the authors analyze in detail the provisions of the Basic Ordinance for
the Supervision of Prostitution in the City of Osijek of 1881 and amendments to these provisions
introduced by the Ordinance of 1896 and by the Ordinance for Brothels in the Free Royal City of
Osijek of 1911. In addition to the legal analysis of the aforementioned regulations, prostitution
in the city is analyzed from a sociolinguistic point of view based on advertisements published by
women in the local magazines entitled Slawonische Presse and Die Drau. As a result of the study
of the original archival materials, it is concluded that Osijek shared the European attitudes of that
time regarding the legal regulation of prostitution. Nevertheless, that profession was still considered
socially unacceptable, as confirmed by the sociolinguistic analysis of advertisements published by
the end of the 19th century in Slawonische Presse and Die Drau magazines.
Zbornik radova Intelektualac, kultura, reforma: Ivan Mažuranić i njegovo vrijeme rezultat je znanstvenog skupa održanog u povodu nacionalnog obilježavanja dvjestote obljetnice rođenja Ivana ...Mažuranića, koji je održan 5. studenoga 2014. u auli Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Vijećnici Pravnoga fakulteta u Zagrebu. Izdavači zbornika su Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. Zbornik je koncipiran u pet osnovnih cjelina: Ivan Mažuranić i izgradnja države nacije, Političko djelovanje Ivana Mažuranića, Reforme pravnoga i upravnoga sustava, Obrazovne reforme te Književno djelovanje Ivana Mažuranića. Zbornik radova sadržava 13 znanstvenih radova na više od 300 stranica te je popraćen s 946 bilježaka. Na kraju zbornika nalaze se Biografije autora i Kazalo osobnih imena.
Razdoblje neposredno nakon Prvog svjetskog rata obilježeno je nizom političkih i gospodarskih odluka koje su nepovratno izmijenile društvenu strukturu kao i posjedovne odnose na području cijele ...Države SHS. Sa svrhom ukidanja posljednjih tragova feudalnih ili kolonatskih odnosa te ukidanja veleposjeda, agrarna je reforma bez iznimke provedena na području cijele Države. Dostupna istraživanja u značajnoj su mjeri obrazložila postupak donošenja političkih odluka, kao i postupak primjene agrarne reforme na različitim feudalnim imanjima na području Države te su od neizmjernog značaja za razumijevanje problematike u historijskom, ali i u pravnom smislu. Kada je riječ o provođenju reforme i ukidanju veleposjeda na području Slavonije, pravna historiografija raspolaže podacima o nestajanju velikih imanja slavonskoga plemstva, ali ne i o statusu posjeda bogatih posjednika, osobito onih njemačke narodnosti. U svrhu popunjavanja stanovite praznine, ovo se istraživanje nastojalo usredotočiti na pravnogospodarske učinke provođenja agrarne reforme na veleposjedu Josipa Gustava Blaua koji je istaknutim doprinosom kulturnom razvoju grada Osijeka ostavio značajan trag u historiografiji grada. Detaljnom raščlambom dostupnog arhivskog materijala, kao i komparacijom zaključaka dostupnih istraživanja nastajat će se utvrditi i prikazati veličina i pravni status veleposjeda Pomoćin prije, ali i neposredno nakon eksproprijacije u okviru provođenja agrarne reforme u razdoblju 1921. – 1929. godine.
The period immediately after the First World War was marked by a series of political and economic decisions that irrevocably changed the social structure as well as property relations in the territory of the entire State of SHS. With the purpose of abolishing the last traces of feudal or colonate relations and the abolition of large estates, the agrarian reform was carried out without exception on the territory of the entire country. The available research significantly explained the process of making political decisions, as well as the process of applying the agrarian reform on different estates in the territory of the State, and they are of immense importance for understanding the issue in a historical and legal sense. When it comes to the implementation of the reform and the abolition of large estates in the territory of Slavonia, legal historiography has data on the disappearance of large estates of the Slavonian nobility, but not on the status of the estates of wealthy landowners, especially those of German nationality. In order to fill a certain gap, this research tried to focus on the legal-economic effects of implementing the agrarian reform on the large estate of Josip Gustav Blau, who left a significant mark in the historiography of the city with his prominent contribution to the cultural development of the city of Osijek. A detailed analysis of the available archival material, as well as a comparison of the conclusions of the available research, will try to determine and present the size and the legal status of the Pomoćin estate before, but also immediately after the expropriation in the framework of the implementation of the agrarian reform in the period from 1921 to 1929.
U radu Odnos Mažuranića i Starčevića - od poredbe osoba do filozofije prava Pavo Barišić prikazuje njihove osobne profile i daje osvrt na njihove značaje te političke odnose. Prema Heki, glede odnosa ...Hrvatske prema Ugarskoj, Mažuranić nikada nije zauzeo neprijateljski stav prema Ugarskoj i nije podržavao odcjepljenje Hrvatske od Krune sv. Autorica napominje da je za poboljšanje položaja žena bila ključna reforma školstva, tj. obrazovanja.
Gratuitous contracts (bailments) are the most common legal affairs in everyday legal transactions. On the one hand, their informal nature that distinguishes them from other legal affairs facilitates ...their application; on the other hand, it complicates the legal position of the contracting parties in case of breach of contractual obligations. Liability for breach of contractual obligation equally affects both contracting parties: the creditor and the debtor. In accordance with the principle of utility, the debtor is a contracting party that benefits most from the conclusion of a gratuitous contract. However, the discussions about the creditor’s obligations and the liability criteria have been quite rare ever since the development of the earliest legal systems. This is not surprising given the fact that the gratuitous contracts are, almost as a rule, concluded between friends and acquaintances, and marked by the trust of the contracting parties. The foundations of the privileged liability of creditors, both in Western European legal systems and in Croatian law, are based on Roman law principles, which have been entered into the modern law of obligations through reception of the ius commune legal norms. As the issue of creditors’ liability in gratuitous contracts has not been sufficiently examined in the Croatian scientific literature, this research is aimed at exploring and establishing the legal grounds of liability of the lender (creditor), the depositor, and the donor in Croatian law, by analyzing and comparing the available historical sources of Croatian medieval law. In that context, the authors will also discuss in more detail the reasons for enacting the unique legal solutions contained in the Croatian Obligations Act.
Nerijetko se u svakodnevnom govoru, čak i u pravnom kontekstu stavlja znak jednakosti između dvaju obvezno pravnih instituta izmoljene posudbe, tj prekarija i posudbe te se naglašava opozivost kao ...jedina okolnost njihova razgraničenja. Uvažavajući mišljenje pravnih teoretičara prema kojem se pravni učinak izmoljene posudbe može ostvariti primjenom pravila o posudbi, neke od modernih kodifikacija građanskog prava propustile su normirati izmoljenu posudbu kao samostalan pravni institut. Ipak, hrvatski je zakonodavac, vodeći se povijesnom primjenom austrijskog Općeg građanskog zakonika na hrvatskom području normirao institut izmoljene posudbe zasebnom zakonskom odredbom i time ga definirao podvrstom ugovora o posudbi. Vrlo rijetka uporaba ovog instituta u pravnoj praksi, kao i izostanak interesa za pravnu narav izmoljene posudbe u modernoj teoriji građanskog prava, čine prirodu ovog instituta i dalje nedostatno jasnom. Komparativnom analizom pravne teorije, ali i stranoga
zakonodavstva koje je poslužilo kao podloga izradi zakonskog okvira posudbe u hrvatskom pravu nastojat će se utvrditi osobitosti izmoljene posudbe te ukazati na slučajeve u kojima je primjena ovog instituta, osobito oportuna. Unatoč sličnosti dvaju spomenutih pravnih poslova posudbe i izmoljene posudbe na koju će se ukazati u radu, temeljna je svrha ovog istraživanja naglasiti važnost svakoga instituta uzimajući u obzir osobitosti koje ih razgraničavaju te potvrđuju kako oba instituta imaju svoju zasebnu svrhu, praktičnu važnost i iskustvo postojanja u hrvatskom pravu.
Spesso nel linguaggio quotidiano, persino
nel contesto giuridico, si equiparano due istituti giuridici del diritto delle
obbligazioni, e cioè il
precarium
ed il prestito, ponendo l’accento
sulla revocabilità quale circostanza per la loro delimitazione. Tenendo conto
dell'orientamento teorico secondo il quale gli effetti giuridici del
precarium
possono trovare realizzazione applicando le regole sul prestito, alcune codificazioni moderne del diritto civile
hanno tralasciato di disciplinare il
precarium
come istituto giuridico
autonomo. Comunque, il legislatore croato, guidato dall'applicazione storica
del Codice civile generale austriaco sul territorio croato ha normato tale
istituto con una disposizione di legge speciale ed in questo modo lo ha
definito come una sottospecie del contratto di prestito. L'uso molto raro di questo istituto nella
giurisprudenza proprio come l'assenza di interesse per la natura giuridica del
precarium
nella teoria moderna del diritto civile fa sembrare la natura di questo
istituto ancora poco chiara. Con l'analisi comparata della teoria giuridica, ma
anche della legislazione straniera, che ha fatto da base per la creazione del
quadro normativo del prestito nel diritto croato, si tenterà di determinare le
particolarità del
precarium
e di far luce sulle situazioni nelle quali
l’applicazione di questo istituto è particolarmente opportuna. A parte le
somiglianze dei due negozi giuridici menzionati, e cioè del prestito e del
precarium
di cui si parlerà nel testo, l’obiettivo di base di questa ricerca è
mettere in evidenza l’importanza di ogni singolo istituto prendendo in
considerazione le particolarità che li delimitano, rilevando come entrambi gli
istituti abbiano i loro obiettivi, l’importanza pratica e l’esperienza
dell’esistenza nel diritto croato.
Oft werden die schuldrechtlichen Institute
Bittleihen, bzw.
Precarium
und Leihe in der Alltagssprache aber auch im
rechtlichen Kontext gleichgestellt, wobei Rückforderung als einzelner
Unterscheidungspunkt hervorgehoben wird. Trotz Meinung von Rechtstheoretikern,
dass die Rechtswirkung des Bittleihens durch Anwendung der Leihvorschriften
geltend gemacht werden kann, haben einige der zeitgenössischen Kodifikationen
des bürgerlichen Rechts versäumt, das Bittleihen als eigenständiges
Rechtsinstitut zu regeln. Ungeachtet dessen habe der kroatische Gesetzgeber,
geprägt vom ABGB, im kroatischen Gebiet das Bittleihen durch eine
Gesetzesbestimmung als Norm überarbeitet und als Unterbegriff des Leihvertrags definiert.
Da in der Praxis selten auf Bittleihen
zurückgegriffen wird, und, darüber hinaus, im Rahmen der modernen Theorie des
bürgerlichen Rechts dafür kaum Interesse vorhanden ist, bestehen weiterhin
viele Unklarheiten in Bezug auf dessen Geltung und Tragweite. Anhand einer
vergleichenden Analyse der Rechtstheorie und ausländischer Gesetzgebung, die
als Modell für den kroatischen gestezlichen Rahmen gedient hat, werden die
Besonderheiten des Bittleihens und Fälle in denen die Anwendung dieses Instituts
besonders opportun wäre, aufgezeigt. Trotz Ähnlichkeiten zwischen diesen
Rechtsinstituten wird auf die Bedeutung eines jeden Rechtsinstituts
hingewiesen. In Anbetracht der Untescheidungspunkte der Institute wird
schlussgefolgert, dass beide besondere Zwecke bewirken, sowie praktische
Geltung und Tragweite im kroatischen Recht erfahren haben.
The two legal institutes, the precarium, i.e. precarious loan and loan for use are often identified in everyday speech even in the legal context, and revocability is emphasized as the only feature of their differentiation. Taking into account the opinion of legal theorists according to which the legal effect of the precarium can be achieved by applying the rules on borrowing, some of the modern codifications of civil law failed to define the precarious loan as an independent legal institute. Nevertheless, the Croatian legislator, guided by the historical application of the Austrian General Civil Code in the Croatian territory, standardized the institute of the precarious loan by a separate legal provision and thus defined it by the subtype of the contract of loan for use. The very rare use of this institute in legal practice as well as the lack of interest for this institute in modern civil law theory make the nature of this institute still insufficiently clear. A comparative analysis of legal theory, but also of foreign legislation that served as a basis for drafting the legal framework of borrowing in Croatian law will try to determine the features of the precarious loan and point to cases where the application of this institute is particularly opportune. Despite the similarity of the two mentioned legal institutes of loan for use and the precarious loan that will be pointed out in the content, the basic purpose of this research is to emphasize the importance of each institute taking into account the features that distinguish them and confirm that both institutes have their own purpose, practical importance and application in Croatian law.
Nasljednopravna regulacija Korčulanskog statuta temelji se na elementima starog hrvatskog i slavenskog prava te se razlikuje od regulacija prisutnih u statutima ostalih dalmatinskih gradova koje su ...nerijetko posljedica utjecaja bizantskog i kasnijeg hrvatsko-mađarskog prava Tripartita. Temeljna osobina ovakvog uređenja, koje Margetić naziva descendentnim nasljednim pravom jest mogućnost da muški i ženski potomci naslijede ostavštinu umrlog, ali pri tome muški imaju prednost u odnosu na žene istog stupnja srodstva, dok prema hrvatsko-mađarskom pravu žene nisu imale mogućnost naslijediti očeve nekretnine. U nastavku rada ukazat ćemo na razlike glede pravnih temelja nasljeđivanja prisutne u Korčulanskom i drugim važnim statutima dalmatinskih gradova, a osobitu pozornost posvetit ćemo nasljednopravnom položaju udane žene u vezi s mogućnosti raspolaganja vlastitim dobrima, tj. mirazom.
The European Union has been exposed to very dynamic social changes for the last decade, and the issues of migration, asylum, and the protection of the legal position of foreigners have become some of ...the most vibrant areas within the EU political agenda, in particular within the activities of the European Parliament. Relatively frequent migration policy changes within national legislation are the result of attempts to harmonize it with the recent EU acquis. In modern Croatian legislation, in accordance with the content of the applicable Aliens Act, there are visible attempts of legal balancing between the two dominant interests: the very extensive protection of social, political, economic, and other rights of immigrants and the security and protection of the national public policy. Nevertheless, understanding the legal position of foreigners in Croatian law demands consideration of various social and political factors and an extensive interpretation of the legal framework that has actively developed throughout history in our area. Taking into account the growing importance of immigration policy for the territory of the Republic of Croatia, the aim of this article is to determine the legalposition of foreigners in the domain of private and public law throughout different periods of Croatian legal history and, ultimately, by comparing the results with the contemporary situation, question their continuity and offer some lessons for current immigration problems.
PDF
