Arid and semi-arid regions are climate-sensitive areas, which account for about 40% of the world's land surface area. Future environment change will impact the environment of these area, resulting in ...a sharp expansion of arid and semi-arid regions.
is a multi-functional tree species with extreme cold, drought and barren resistance, as well as ornamental and medicinal functions. It was found to be one of the most important tree species for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. However, bioclimatic factors play an important role in the growth, development and distribution of plants. Therefore, exploring the response pattern and ecological adaptability of
to future climate change is important for the long-term ecological restoration of
in arid and semi-arid areas.
In this study, we predicted the potential distribution of
in China under different climate scenarios based on the MaxEnt 2.0 model, and discussed its adaptability and the major factors affecting its geographical distribution.
The major factors that explained the geographical distribution of
were Annual precipitation (Bio12), Min air temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and Mean air temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11). However,
could thrive in environments where Annual precipitation (Bio12) >150 mm, Min air temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) > -42.5°C, and Mean air temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) > -20°C, showcasing its characteristics of cold and drought tolerance. Under different future climate scenarios, the total suitable area for
ranged from 411.199×10
km² to 470.191×10
km², which was 0.8~6.14 percentage points higher than the current total suitable area. Additionally, it would further shift towards higher latitude.
The MaxEnt 2.0 model predicted the potential distribution pattern of
in the context of future climate change, and identified its ecological adaptability and the main climatic factors affecting its distribution. This study provides an important theoretical basis for natural vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.
(NoNRV1) has been reported previously in the fungus
, but its biological effects on its host are unknown. In this work, we isolated a strain 9-1 of
from a chrysanthemum leaf and identified NoNRV1 ...infection in the isolated strain. The genome sequence of NoNRV1 identified here is highly homologous to that of the isolate HN-21 of NoNRV1 previously reported; thus, we tentatively designated the newly identified NoNRV1 as NoNRV1-ZJ. Drug treatment with Ribavirin successfully removed NoNRV1-ZJ from the strain 9-1, which provided us with an ideal control to determine the biological impacts of NoNRV1 infection on host fungi. By comparing the virus-carrying (9-1) and virus-cured (9-1C) strains, our results indicated that infection with NoNRV1 promoted the pigmentation of the host cells, while it had no discernable effects on host growth on potato dextrose agar plates when subjected to osmotic or oxidative stress. Interestingly, we observed inhibitory impacts of virus infection on the thermotolerance of
and the pathogenicity of the host fungus in cotton leaves. Collectively, our work provides clear evidence of the biological relevance of NoNRV1 infection in
, including pigmentation, hypovirulence, and thermotolerance.
Global water pollution by organic dyes and metals may be solved by adsorption. In particular, hydrogel adsorbents display unique advantages due to their three-dimensional porous structure. Here, a ...new type of self-healing hydrogels based on boronate and amide bonds were prepared. The precursor polymer, 2-aminophenylboronic acid-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA-2APBA), was firstly synthesized by amidation, then, the poly(vinyl alcohol) and laponite were mixed with PAA-2APBA to form a nanocomposite hydrogel. Results show that this hydrogel has good self-healing and injectable properties, as well as good biocompatibility. The introduction of laponite nanoparticles into the hydrogel improved the stability, mechanical strength, and the adsorption efficiency of metal ions and organic dyes. The maximum adsorption of copper ion, cadmium ion, lead ion, and iron ion was 259.1 mg/g, 243.4 mg/g, 217.4 mg/g, and 166.2 mg/g, respectively. For organic dyes, 71% of methylene blue and 81% of malachite green were removed in 28 h.
Hierarchically porous carbonaceous sponges and their magnetic nanocomposites were fabricated by a combined approach of hydrothermal carbonization and freeze drying. The resulting carbonaceous sponges ...have hierarchically porous structure and a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups. The unique structure enables carbonaceous sponges candidate materials for rapid and efficient organic molecules removal from water.
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•The CS is sustainable, inexpensive and hierarchically porous.•The CS exhibits excellent adsorption capacities toward organic molecules.•Convenient solid–liquid separation after removal of organic molecules is achieved by introducing Fe3O4 NPs into CS network.
This work describes the preparation, characterization and removal capability of a novel biomass derived carbonaceous sponges (CS) and their nanocomposites. The CS has hierarchically porous structure which is composed of lamellar structures and secondary porous structures. The pore size is on a scale from 1nm to 200μm. Utilizing the CS as adsorbents, rapid removal of model organic molecules, including methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and crystal violet (CV), from their aqueous solutions can be completed within 1min with the assistance of pressure and the removal efficiency reaches up to 100%, 81% and 98%, respectively. The removal capabilities for CS towards MB, MO and CV are 0.0769g/g, 0.2218g/g and 1.0384g/g, respectively and 0.0635g/g, 0.0977g/g and 0.8634g/g, respectively for CS nanocomposites.
Flexible electronic devices (FEDs) based on hydrogels are attracting increasing interest, but the fabrication of hydrogels for FEDs with adhesiveness and high robustness in harsh‐temperature ...conditions and long‐term use remains a challenge. Herein, glutinous‐rice‐inspired adhesive organohydrogels are developed by introducing amylopectin into a copolymer network through a “one‐pot” crosslinking procedure in a glycerol–water mixed solvent containing potassium chloride as the conductive ingredient. The organohydrogels exhibit excellent transparency (>90%), conductivity, stretchability, tensile strength, adhesiveness, anti‐freezing property, and moisture retention ability. The wearable strain sensor assembled from the organohydrogels achieves a wide working range, high sensitivity (gauge factor: 8.82), low response time, and excellent reversibility, and properly responds in harsh‐temperature conditions and long‐time storage (90 days). The strain sensor is further integrated with a Bluetooth transmitter and receiver for fabricating wireless wearable sensors. Notably, a sandwich‐structured capacitive pressure sensor with organohydrogels containing reliefs as electrodes records a new gauge factor of 9.43 kPa−1 and achieves a wide response range, low detection limit, and outstanding reversibility. Furthermore, detachable and durable batteries and all‐in‐one supercapacitors are also fabricated utilizing the organohydrogels as electrolytes. Overall, this work offers a strategy to fabricate adhesive organohydrogels for robust FEDs toward wearable sensing, power supply, and energy storage.
Glutinous‐rice‐inspired organohydrogels with integrated adhesiveness, stretchability, transparency, conductivity, anti‐freezing, and moisture retention ability are developed by introducing amylopectin into a copolymer network and employed in flexible electronic devices toward wearable sensing, power supply, and energy storage. High sensitivity (gauge factor: = 8.82) for resistive strain sensors and a new sensitivity record (gauge factor: 9.43 kPa−1)for hydrogel‐based pressure sensors are achieved.
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•Intrinsically adhesive and temperature tolerant flexible sensors are fabricated.•Strain sensor achieves a GF of 2.58 and a sensing range of 0–1000%.•Reliefs on electrodes lead to a ...GF of 2.14 kPa−1 for pressure sensor.•Wireless strain sensor is demonstrated based on a bluetooth protocol.
Hydrogel-based flexible sensors are of promising applications in various fields, but fabrication of such sensors with integrated high performances remains a challenge. In this work, flexible sensors (both strain sensors and pressure sensors) with integrated high performances are fabricated utilizing double network (DN) organohydrogels. Because of the unique structure of DN organohydrogels, the flexible sensors exhibit intrinsic adhesion without introducing components that are often used to obtain adhesive hydrogels, such as polydopamine, nucleobases or proteins. In addition, outstanding temperature tolerance (−18 to 80 °C), high stretchability (>2000%), tensile strength (>300 kPa), self-healing ability (96.5%) and transparency (90%) are also achieved. Resistive-type strain sensors of DN organohydrogels achieve high gauge factor (GF = 2.58), low response time (0.18 s), large sensing range (0–1000%) and reversible sensing ability (>1000 cycles). Sandwich-shaped capacitive-type pressure sensors comprising DN organohydrogel electrodes with reliefs exhibit a high sensitivity of 2.14 kPa−1. Such flexible sensors can be applied in monitoring various human motions and subtle physiological activities and further promoted as wireless sensors on the basis of a Bluetooth protocol.
Highly sensitive capacitive-type pressure sensor has been achieved by fabricating reliefs on solution-processable hydrogel electrodes. Hybrid PVA/PANI hydrogels (PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol); PANI, ...polyaniline) with a fully physically cross-linked binary network are selected as the electrodes of the pressure sensors. On the basis of the solution processability, reliefs are fabricated on the surface of PVA/PANI hydrogel electrodes by a template method. The gauge factor (GF) is enhanced by introducing reliefs and regulated by controlling the composition and relief dimension of hydrogel electrodes. The optimized pressure sensor containing reliefs achieves the highest GF of 7.70 kPa
and a sensing range of 0-7.4 kPa. Furthermore, the freezing and drying problems of the hydrogel sensors are overcome by introducing a binary solvent of water/glycerol and the pressure sensing ability at -18 °C has been achieved. Finally, monitoring of various pressures in daily life, such as joint bending, blowing, and brush writing, is demonstrated using such pressure sensors.
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Polydopamine (PDA)-based self-adhesive hydrogel sensors are extensively explored but it is still a challenge to construct PDA-based hydrogels by free radical polymerization. Herein, a ...new approach to construct self-adhesive hydrogels by conducting free radical polymerization in both aqueous phase and micelle phase is developed. The following two-phase polymerization processes account for the formation of the self-adhesive hydrogels. The first one is the polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and dopamine (DA) in aqueous phase to form adhesive component PAM-PDA (PAM, polyacrylamide; PDA, polydopamine). The second one is the polymerization of hydrophobic monomer 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) in micelles of an amphiphilic block copolymer Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA). The poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) networks help to maintain the high robustness of the hydrogel. Because PMEA and PDA form in relatively separated phases, the inhibition effect of PDA on the free radical polymerization process of PMEA is weakened. Based on this mechanism, mechanically strong and adhesive hydrogels are achieved. The introduced ions during preparation process, such as Na+, OH– and K+, endow the resulting hydrogels ionic conductivity. Resistive strain sensor of the hydrogel achieves a high gauge factor (GF) of 5.26, a response time of 0.25 s and high sensing stability. Because of the adhesiveness, such hydrogel sensor can be applied as wearable sensors in monitoring various human motions. To further address the freezing and drying problems of the hydrogels, organohydrogels are constructed in glycerol-water mixed solvent. The organohydrogels exhibit outstanding anti-freezing property and moisture retention ability, and their adhesiveness is well maintained in subzero conditions. Capacitive pressure sensors of the organohydrogels possessing a GF of 2.05 kPa−1, high sensing stability and reversibility, are demonstrated and explored in monitoring diverse human motions.
Flexible strain sensors are highly used in soft robotics, human–machine interfaces and health monitoring devices. However, it is still a big challenge to construct strain sensors with excellent ...mechanical properties and broad sensing ranges. In this study, a class of extremely stretchable and electrically conductive hydrogels with dually synergistic networks are fabricated for wearable resistive-type strain sensors. Dually synergistic networks are composed of a soft poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network and a rigid conductive polyaniline (PANI) network. The PAA network is crosslinked by amphiphilic block copolymers, and the PANI network is chemically doped and ionically crosslinked by phytic acid and these two networks are further interlocked by physical entanglements, hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions. The resulting hydrogels have high tensile strength, controllable conductivity and large tensile deformation (1160%). Moreover, these hydrogels are utilized for fabricating strain sensors with good sensitivity and a wide sensing range (0–1130%). The high performances of hydrogels make such strain sensors suitable for wearable devices monitoring both subtle and large strains induced by human motions, including moving of two hands, bending of joints, conducting of gestures and swallowing.
Polymer materials with covalent adaptive networks (CANs) structures have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their excellent repairable, reprocessable, reconfigurable, recyclable, ...and re-adhesive (5R) performance. Many types of CANs based on reversible dissociation or association reactions have been developed. Of these, CANs via dynamic isocyanate chemistry have made significant progress on the creation of smart polyurethane (PU) and polyurea (PUR) materials. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent development of CANs via dynamic isocyanate chemistry. First, we provide a brief introduction of dynamic isocyanate chemistry. Second, several categories of dynamic isocyanate chemistry (and the mechanism behind them) are discussed in detail. Third, we focus on the characterization of CANs via dynamic isocyanate chemistry by physical and chemical approaches. Fourth, we focus on novel types of “smart” polymer materials containing a CANs structure with 5R properties via dynamic isocyanate chemistry. The influence of different categories of dynamic isocyanate chemistry on the stress relaxation and 5R performance are summarized in detail in this part. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of dynamic isocyanate chemistry for 5R applications are also discussed. Finally, conclusions and the outlook on the development and challenges of CANs via dynamic isocyanate chemistry are provided.
