Outcome in Psychotherapy Lambert, Michael J
Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.),
03/2013, Letnik:
50, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Fifty years after the 1963 debate between Strupp and Eysenck, as recorded in their articles in
Psychotherapy
, it is clear that Eysenck overstated the case against psychoanalysis and dynamic ...psychotherapy (
Bergin, 1971
), while inflating the magnitude of improvement in untreated individuals (
Lambert, 1976
). Eysenck was probably correct about the beneficial effects of behavior therapies, but did not foresee that behavior therapy would be supplanted by cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) and eclectic mixtures of CBT that incorporate elements of eastern religion, humanistic interventions, and psychodynamic constructs. Fortunately, most of the treatments that have been tested in rigorous investigations have been found to be effective, but few have distinguished themselves as uniquely superior. Many of the problems of how to measure the effects of treatment have been solved and suggest that about two thirds of treated individuals improve or recover. This leaves a sizable portion of nonresponding individuals, but emerging methods involving in tracking treatment response are being used to decrease deterioration and enhance positive outcomes.
Background
Impressive progress in new therapeutic options has been made for psoriasis. Treatments include topical steroids, phototherapy, conventional, synthetic disease‐modifying drugs and an ...expanding list of biologics.
Objective
The primary objective of this work was to collect evidence for the creation of practice guidelines for systemic treatment of psoriasis (BETA‐PSO: Belgian Evidence‐based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis).
Methods
Evidence‐based recommendations were formulated using a quasi‐Delphi methodology after a systematic search of the literature and a consensus procedure involving 8 psoriasis experts.
Results
In this part, the use of systemic treatment in different age groups, during pregnancy, in metabolic syndrome, in patients with mental health problems, in different psoriasis subtypes and in previously systemically treated patients treatment is discussed.
Conclusion
Guidance on therapeutic choice in specific clinical situations in psoriasis is provided in order to facilitate the decision‐making in clinical practice.
Control systems for powered prosthetic legs typically divide the gait cycle into several periods with distinct controllers, resulting in dozens of control parameters that must be tuned across users ...and activities. To address this challenge, this paper presents a control approach that unifies the gait cycle of a powered knee- ankle prosthesis using a continuous, user-synchronized sense of phase. Virtual constraints characterize the desired periodic joint trajectories as functions of a phase variable across the entire stride. The phase variable is computed from residual thigh motion, giving the amputee control over the timing of the prosthetic joint patterns. This continuous sense of phase enabled three transfemoral amputee subjects to walk at speeds from 0.67 to 1.21 m/s and slopes from -2.5° to +9.0°. Virtual constraints based on task-specific kinematics facilitated normative adjustments in joint work across walking speeds. A fixed set of control gains generalized across these activities and users, which minimized the configuration time of the prosthesis.
Context.
CONCERTO is the first experiment to perform a C
II
line intensity mapping (LIM) survey on the COSMOS field to target
z
> 5.2. Measuring the C
II
angular power spectrum allows us to study ...the role of dusty star-forming galaxies in the star formation history during the epochs of Reionization and post-Reionization. The main obstacle to this measurement is the contamination by bright foregrounds: the dust continuum emission and atomic and molecular lines from foreground galaxies at
z
≲ 3.
Aims.
We evaluate our ability to retrieve the C
II
signal in mock observations of the sky using the Simulated Infrared Dusty Extragalactic Sky (SIDES), which covers the mid-infrared to millimetre range. We also measure the impact of field-to-field variance on the residual foreground contamination.
Methods.
We compared two methods for dealing with the dust continuum emission from galaxies (i.e. the cosmic infrared background fluctuations): the standard principal component analysis (PCA) and the asymmetric re-weighted penalized least-squares (arPLS) method. For line interlopers, the strategy relies on masking low-redshift galaxies using the instrumental beam profile and external catalogues. As we do not have observations of CO or deep-enough classical CO proxies (such as
L
IR
), we relied on the COSMOS stellar mass catalogue, which we demonstrate to be a reliable CO proxy for masking. To measure the angular power spectrum of masked data, we adapted the P of K EstimatoR (POKER) from cosmic infrared background studies and discuss its use on LIM data.
Results.
The arPLS method achieves a reduction in the cosmic infrared background fluctuations to a sub-dominant level of the C
II
power at
z
∼ 7, a factor of > 70 below our fiducial C
II
model. When using the standard PCA, this factor is only 0.7 at this redshift. The masking lowers the power amplitude of line contamination down to 2 × 10
−2
Jy
2
sr
−1
. This residual level is dominated by faint undetected sources that are not clustered around the detected (and masked) sources. For our C
II
model, this results in a detection at
z
= 5.2 with a power ratio C
II
/(residual interlopers) = 62 ± 32 for a 22% area survey loss. However, at
z
= 7, C
II
/(residual interlopers) = 2.0 ± 1.4, due to the weak contrast between C
II
and the residual line contamination. Thanks to the large area covered by SIDES-Uchuu, we show that the power amplitude of line residuals varies by 12–15% for
z
= 5.2 − 7, which is less than the field-to-field variance affecting C
II
power spectra.
Conclusions.
We present an end-to-end simulation of the extragalactic foreground removal that we ran to detect the C
II
at high redshift via its angular power spectrum. We show that cosmic infrared background fluctuations are not a limiting foreground for C
II
LIM. On the contrary, the CO and C
I
line contamination severely limits our ability to accurately measure the C
II
angular power spectrum at
z
≳ 7.
Comparisons with ground-based correlative measurements constitute a key component in the validation of satellite data on atmospheric composition. The error budget of these comparisons contains not ...only the measurement errors but also several terms related to differences in sampling and smoothing of the inhomogeneous and variable atmospheric field. A versatile system for Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), named OSSSMOSE, is used here to quantify these terms. Based on the application of pragmatic observation operators onto high-resolution atmospheric fields, it allows a simulation of each individual measurement, and consequently, also of the differences to be expected from spatial and temporal field variations between both measurements making up a comparison pair. As a topical case study, the system is used to evaluate the error budget of total ozone column (TOC) comparisons between GOME-type direct fitting (GODFITv3) satellite retrievals from GOME/ERS2, SCIAMACHY/Envisat, and GOME-2/MetOp-A, and ground-based direct-sun and zenith-sky reference measurements such as those from Dobsons, Brewers, and zenith-scattered light (ZSL-)DOAS instruments, respectively. In particular, the focus is placed on the GODFITv3 reprocessed GOME-2A data record vs. the ground-based instruments contributing to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The simulations are found to reproduce the actual measurements almost to within the measurement uncertainties, confirming that the OSSE approach and its technical implementation are appropriate. This work reveals that many features of the comparison spread and median difference can be understood as due to metrological differences, even when using strict co-location criteria. In particular, sampling difference errors exceed measurement uncertainties regularly at most mid- and high-latitude stations, with values up to 10 % and more in extreme cases. Smoothing difference errors only play a role in the comparisons with ZSL-DOAS instruments at high latitudes, especially in the presence of a polar vortex due to the strong TOC gradient it induces. At tropical latitudes, where TOC variability is lower, both types of errors remain below about 1 % and consequently do not contribute significantly to the comparison error budget. The detailed analysis of the comparison results, including the metrological errors, suggests that the published random measurement uncertainties for GODFITv3 reprocessed satellite data are potentially overestimated, and adjustments are proposed here. This successful application of the OSSSMOSE system to close for the first time the error budget of TOC comparisons, bodes well for potential future applications, which are briefly touched upon.
Within the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative, total ozone column records from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment), SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for ...Atmospheric CartograpHY), and GOME‐2 have been reprocessed with GODFIT version 3 (GOME‐type Direct FITting). This algorithm is based on the direct fitting of reflectances simulated in the Huggins bands to the observations. We report on new developments in the algorithm from the version implemented in the operational GOME Data Processor v5. The a priori ozone profile database TOMSv8 is now combined with a recently compiled OMI/MLS tropospheric ozone climatology to improve the representativeness of a priori information. The Ring procedure that corrects simulated radiances for the rotational Raman inelastic scattering signature has been improved using a revised semi‐empirical expression. Correction factors are also applied to the simulated spectra to account for atmospheric polarization. In addition, the computational performance has been significantly enhanced through the implementation of new radiative transfer tools based on principal component analysis of the optical properties. Furthermore, a soft‐calibration scheme for measured reflectances and based on selected Brewer measurements has been developed in order to reduce the impact of level‐1 errors. This soft‐calibration corrects not only for possible biases in backscattered reflectances, but also for artificial spectral features interfering with the ozone signature. Intersensor comparisons and ground‐based validation indicate that these ozone data sets are of unprecedented quality, with stability better than 1% per decade, a precision of 1.7%, and systematic uncertainties less than 3.6% over a wide range of atmospheric states.
Key Points
Ozone columns from European sensors reprocessed with an improved algorithm
Soft‐calibration of the reflectances improves the inter‐sensor consistency
High‐quality data sets in excellent agreement with the SBUV v8.6 record
Understanding phonon transport at a molecular scale is fundamental to the development of high-performance thermoelectric materials for the conversion of waste heat into electricity. We have studied ...phonon and electron transport in alkane and oligoyne chains of various lengths and find that, due to the more rigid nature of the latter, the phonon thermal conductances of oligoynes are counterintuitively lower than that of the corresponding alkanes. The thermal conductance of oligoynes decreases monotonically with increasing length, whereas the thermal conductance of alkanes initially increases with length and then decreases. This difference in behavior arises from phonon filtering by the gold electrodes and disappears when higher-Debye-frequency electrodes are used. Consequently a molecule that better transmits higher-frequency phonon modes, combined with a low-Debye-frequency electrode that filters high-energy phonons is a viable strategy for suppressing phonon transmission through the molecular junctions. The low thermal conductance of oligoynes, combined with their higher thermopower and higher electrical conductance lead to a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of ZT = 1.4, which is several orders of magnitude higher than that of alkanes.
Graphene, a single-layer network of carbon atoms, has outstanding electrical and mechanical properties
. Graphene ribbons with nanometre-scale widths
(nanoribbons) should exhibit half-metallicity
and ...quantum confinement. Magnetic edges in graphene nanoribbons
have been studied extensively from a theoretical standpoint because their coherent manipulation would be a milestone for spintronic
and quantum computing devices
. However, experimental investigations have been hampered because nanoribbon edges cannot be produced with atomic precision and the graphene terminations that have been proposed are chemically unstable
. Here we address both of these problems, by using molecular graphene nanoribbons functionalized with stable spin-bearing radical groups. We observe the predicted delocalized magnetic edge states and test theoretical models of the spin dynamics and spin-environment interactions. Comparison with a non-graphitized reference material enables us to clearly identify the characteristic behaviour of the radical-functionalized graphene nanoribbons. We quantify the parameters of spin-orbit coupling, define the interaction patterns and determine the spin decoherence channels. Even without any optimization, the spin coherence time is in the range of microseconds at room temperature, and we perform quantum inversion operations between edge and radical spins. Our approach provides a way of testing the theory of magnetism in graphene nanoribbons experimentally. The coherence times that we observe open up encouraging prospects for the use of magnetic nanoribbons in quantum spintronic devices.
Clade-specific (a.k.a. lineage-specific) genes are very common and found at all taxonomic levels and in all clades examined. They can arise by duplication of previously existing genes, which can ...involve partial truncations or combinations with other protein domains or regulatory sequences. They can also evolve de novo from non-coding sequences, leading to potentially truly novel protein domains. Finally, since clade-specific genes are generally defined by lack of sequence homology with other proteins, they can also arise by sequence evolution that is rapid enough that previous sequence homology can no longer be detected. In such cases, where the rapid evolution is followed by constraint, we consider them to be ontologically non-novel but likely novel at a functional level. In general, clade-specific genes have received less attention from biologists but there are increasing numbers of fascinating examples of their roles in important traits. Here we review some selected recent examples, and argue that attention to clade-specific genes is an important corrective to the focus on the conserved developmental regulatory toolkit that has been the habit of evo-devo as a field. Finally, we discuss questions that arise about the evolution of clade-specific genes, and how these might be addressed by future studies. We highlight the hypothesis that clade-specific genes are more likely to be involved in synapomorphies that arose in the stem group where they appeared, compared to other genes.
A 3D printed registration device is described for implant-supported complete dentures that simultaneously register implant position, soft-tissue contour, anterior tooth position, occlusal vertical ...dimension, and centric relation. This information is captured clinically in 10 to 20 minutes and can then be transferred to the dental laboratory technician to continue the prosthetic workflow. The standard tessellation language (STL) file for the registration device is available for free download and use.
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