Abstract The governance of the nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants as prescribed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is presently undemocratic in six ways: (1) ...the selection of the officers of nomenclature and the committee members; (2) restricted attendance to the Nomenclature Section because of the expense of attending; (3) attendees at the Nomenclature Section may carry up to 14 institutional votes and institutions have from 1 to 7 institutional votes; (4) the preliminary guiding vote carries little weight; (5) the General Committee can overturn decisions of the Specialist Committees; and (6) decisions of the General Committee can be approved in the Nomenclature Section by a minority (40% plus 1 vote). There is an opportunity to make nomenclature governance more democratic at the Nomenclature Section at Madrid by allowing virtual attendance, giving one and only one institutional vote to each institution, and changing approval of the decisions of the General Committee to a simple majority of 50%.
Psidium acutangulum has been previously understood as a widespread and variable species. Here, it is proposed that populations east of the Andes should be divided into two species: P. acutangulum and ...P. acidum based on characters of the leaves, anthers, fruits and seeds. The new combination Psidium acidum is made here and the species is described, illustrated and contrasted with P. acutangulum and P. friedrichsthalianum. Psidium acutangulum as now understood remains variable and seems to be related to a mainly Amazonian group of species. Populations from western Ecuador, once thought to belong to P. acutangulum are now considered a new species. Psidium acutangulum se ha entendido previamente como una especie muy extendida y variable. Propongo que las poblaciones al este de los Andes se deben dividir en dos especies, P. acutangulum y P. acidum basado en características de las hojas, las anteras, los frutos y las semillas. La nueva combinación Psidium acidum se hace aquí y la especie esta descrita e ilustrada; se compara con P. acutangulum y P. friedrichsthalianum. Psidium acutangulum como se entiende ahora sigue siendo variable y parece estar relacionado con un grupo de especies principalmente amazónico. Las poblaciones del occidente de Ecuador, que antes se incluia en P. acutangulum, ahora se consideran una nueva especie.
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► Phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed within Myrceugenia. ► Genus Myrceugenia is monophyletic only when M. fernandeziana is excluded. ► Chilean and Brazilian species are two ...separate lineages. ► Brazilian species are included in a derived monophyletic group.
Myrceugenia is a genus endemic to South America with a disjunct distribution: 12 species occurring mainly in central Chile and approximately 25 in southeastern Brazil. Relationships are reconstructed within Myrceugenia from four plastid markers (partial trnK-matK, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-5′rps16 and rpl16) and two ribosomal nuclear regions (ETS and ITS) using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Relationships inferred previously from morphological data are not completely consistent with those from molecular data. All molecular analyses support the hypothesis that Myrceugenia is monophyletic, except for M. fernadeziana that falls outside the genus. Chilean species and Brazilian species form two separate lineages. Chilean species form three early diverging clades, whereas Brazilian species are a strongly supported monophyletic group in a terminal position. Least average evolutionary divergence, low resolution, short branches, and high species diversity found in the Brazilian clade suggest rapid radiation. Geographical distributions and phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that extant Myrceugenia species arose in northern Chile followed by colonization southward and finally to the Juan Fernández Islands and southeastern Brazil.
Supported by a United States American Recovery and Reinvestment Act grant, we have developed a workflow, “the SALIX Method”, to image, database, and provide web access to ca. 60,000 Latin American ...plant specimens housed at the Arizona State University Herbarium. The SALIX Method incorporates optical character recognition using ABBYY FineReader and uses other proprietary software for word processing (Microsoft Word) and image management (Adobe Lightroom). We developed the other applications ourselves: SALIX for text parsing, and BarcodeRenamer (BCR) for renaming image files to match their barcodes. We use our Symbiota data portal (SEINet) to provide web access to collections data and images. Data entry was found to be about as fast to considerably faster using the SALIX Method than by keystroke entry directly into SEINet. Speed is dependent on label quality and length as well as user proficiency.
Psidium guayaquilense from western Ecuador is described and illustrated. It is most similar to P. acidum, having in common with it non-angular, rounded seeds, anthers with a few subequal glands and ...peduncles with wings. Psidium guayaquilense differs from P. acidum in various ways, most notably in the principal marginal veins mainly 1–3 mm from margin (versus 3–10 mm or more from margin in P. acidum); closed calyx with a prominent apiculum (versus without an apiculum or with only a weak apiculum); ovules per locule 12–40 (versus 50–70); style 8–10 mm long (versus 12–16 mm); fruit 1.5–3 cm in diameter (versus 2–5 cm); fruit wall 0.5–2.5 mm thick (versus 4–13 mm); seeds usually 4–6 (versus 20–60 or more). Se ilustra y se describe Psidium guayaquilense del occidente de Ecuador. Es similar a P. acidum y tienen en común semillas no angulares, redondeadas, anteras con unas pocas glándulas subiguales y pedúnculos con alas. Psidium guayaquilense difiere de P. acidum en diversas maneras, lo más notablemente en las venas marginales principales generalmente 1–3 mm desde el margen (versus 3–10 mm o más del margen en P. acidum); cáliz cerrado con un apiculum prominente (versus sin un apiculum o con un apiculum débil); óvulos por lóculo 12–40 (versus 50–70); estilo de 8–10 mm de largo (versus 12–16 mm); frutos 1.5–3 cm de diámetro (versus 2–5 cm); pared del fruto 0.5–2.5 mm de espesor (versus 4–13 mm); semillas generalmente 4–6 (versus 20–60 o más).
In this paper a neotype is chosen for Myrtus luma, a name first proposed by J.I. Molina in 1782 and the basionym of the currently used name, Amomyrtus luma; the illegitimate name Campomanesia ...sessiliflora var. lanuginosa is formalized with a new description and type; a new variety is described, Psidium striatulum var. rondoniense; and lectotypes are chosen for Psidium cattleyanum var. coriaceum and Psidium thea.
En este trabajo se selecciona el neotipo para Myrtus luma, un nombre propuesto por primera vez por J.I. Molina en 1782 y el basionimo del nombre utilizado actualmente, Amomyrtus luma; el nombre ilegitimo Campomanesia sessiliflora var. lanuginosa se formaliza con una nueva descripcion y nuevo tipo Se describe una nueva variedad, Psidium striatulum var. rondoniense; y se eligen lectotipos para Psidium cattleyanum var. coriaceum y Psidium thea.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The genus Calycolpus (Myrtaceae), a mainly northern South American group of 15 species, is revised based on a study of over 600 plant collections, many duplicated in more than one herbarium. The ...relationships of Calycolpus to other genera are discussed and a key distinguishing it from its relatives is provided. All species are described, mapped, and illustrated with line drawings and/or photographs. The relationships among the species are discussed and a key distinguishing them is provided. Lectotypes are chosen for Myrtus goetheana DC., Calycolpus chnoiophyllus Riley, Calycolpus cordatus L. Riley, Calycolpus kegelianus O. Berg, Calycolpus schomburgkianus var. speciosus O. Berg, Eugenia excisa Urb., Eugenia nipensis Urb., Psidiopsis moritziana O. Berg, and Psidium reversum Urb. Neotypes are chosen for Calycolpus kegelianus var. gracilis O. Berg, Calycolpus warszewiczianus O. Berg, and Myrtus revoluta Schauer. Five of these species, one third of the total, were described by the author since 1989.
The SEINet Portal Network has a complex social and development history spanning nearly two decades. Initially established as a basic online search engine for a select handful of biological ...collections curated within the southwestern United States, SEINet has since matured into a biodiversity data network incorporating more than 330 institutions and 1,900 individual data contributors. Participating institutions manage and publish over 14 million specimen records, 215,000 observations, and 8 million images. Approximately 70% of the collections make use of the data portal as their primary "live" specimen management platform. The SEINet interface now supports 13 regional data portals distributed across the United States and northern Mexico (http://symbiota.org/docs/seinet/). Through many collaborative efforts, it has matured into a tool for biodiversity data exploration, which includes species inventories, interactive identification keys, specimen and field images, taxonomic information, species distribution maps, and taxonomic descriptions.
SEINet’s initial developmental goals were to construct a read-only interface that integrated specimen records harvested from a handful of distributed natural history databases. Intermittent network conductivity and inconsistent data exchange protocols frequently restricted data persistence. National funding opportunities supported a complete redesign towards the development of a centralized data cache model with periodic "snapshot" updates from original data sources. A service-based management infrastructure was integrated into the interface to mobilize small- to medium-sized collections (<1 million specimen records) that commonly lack consistent infrastructure and technical expertise to maintain a standard compliant specimen database. These developments were the precursors to the Symbiota software project (Gries et al. 2014). Through further development of Symbiota, SEINet transformed into a robust specimen management system specifically geared toward specimen digitization with features including data entry from label images, harvesting data from specimen duplicates, batch georeferencing, data validation and cleaning, generating progress reports, and additional tools to improve the efficiency of the digitization process. The central developmental paradigm focused on data mobilization through the production of:
a versatile import module capable of ingesting a diverse range of data structures,
a robust toolkit to assist in digitizing and managing specimen data and images, and
a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) compliant data publishing and export toolkit to facilitate data distribution to global aggregators such as Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and iDigBio.
a versatile import module capable of ingesting a diverse range of data structures,
a robust toolkit to assist in digitizing and managing specimen data and images, and
a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) compliant data publishing and export toolkit to facilitate data distribution to global aggregators such as Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and iDigBio.
User interfaces consist of a decentralized network of regional data portals, all connecting to a centralized shared data source. Each of the 13 data portals are configured to present a regional perspective specifically tailored to represent the needs of the local research community. This infrastructure has supported the formation of regional consortia, who provide network support to aid local institutions in digitizing and publishing their collections within the network. The community-based infrastructure creates a sense of ownership – perhaps even good-natured competition – by the data providers and provides extra incentive to improve data quality and expand the network.
Certain areas of development remain challenging in spite of the project's overall success. For instance, data managers continuously struggle to maintain a current local taxonomic thesaurus used for name validation, data cleaning, and to resolve taxonomic discrepancies commonly encountered when integrating collection datasets. We will discuss the successes and challenges associated with the long-term sustainability model and explore potential future paths for SEINet that support the long-term goal of maintaining a data provider that is in full compliance with the FAIR use principles of making the datasets findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016).
A phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from 79 taxa representing much of the diversity of Berberis L. (four major groups and 22 sections) was constructed for the first ...time. The phylogeny was basically congruent with the previous classification schemes at higher taxonomic levels, such as groups and subgroups. A notable exception is the non-monophyly of the group Occidentales of compound-leaved Berberis (previously separated as Mahonia). At lower levels, however, most of previous sections and subsections were not evident especially in simple-leaved Berberis. Possible relationship between section Horridae (group Occidentales) and the simple-leaved Berberis clade implies paraphyly of the compound-leaved Berberis. A well-known South AmericaOld World (mainly Asia) disjunctive distribution pattern of the simple-leaved Berberis is explained by a vicariance event occurring in the Cretaceous period. The ITS phylogeny also suggests that a possible connection between the Asian and South American groups through the North American species (Berberis canadensis or B. fendleri) is highly unlikely.
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