Structural racism-the ways that institutional policies, practices, and other norms operate to create and sustain race-based inequities
-has historically been foundational to the operations of ...academic medical centers and research institutions. Since its inception, academic medicine has depended on the exploitation of vulnerable communities to achieve medical, educational, and research goals.
Research practices have long ignored or taken advantage of the individuals purportedly benefiting from the research, a dynamic most manifestly true for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities in the United States. Reflecting current practices in racial justice work, we intentionally use the term "BIPOC" to highlight shared experiences within racially and ethnically minoritized communities, given the history of White supremacy in the United States. We acknowledge limitations of this term, which collapses myriad unique communities and histories into one construct. Specifically, child and adolescent psychiatry has historically been driven by Eurocentric approaches, paradigms, and methodology. These nonparticipatory dominant research practices have contributed to a lack of culturally responsive interventions for BIPOC communities, a paucity of evidence-based practices with demonstrated effectiveness within BIPOC communities, and disparities in access and quality of care.
Mental health research involving BIPOC communities has been replete with exploitation and inequality.
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This final report updates preliminary data on an attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–based vaccine candidate designed to prevent Ebola virus disease. The results ...supported the safety and immunogenicity of up to two doses of the vaccine.
The worst Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in recorded history has resulted in more than 28,000 cases and 11,000 reported deaths.
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Although the primary strategy to stop the transmission of Ebola remains the identification and isolation of contacts and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine would provide an important public health tool. Numerous Ebola virus vaccine candidates are in preclinical development, and some have proceeded to human trials.
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An Ebola virus vaccine candidate based on an attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) has shown promise in preclinical studies. The . . .
Substance use disorders constitute a significant public health problem in North America and worldwide. Specifically, substance addictions in women during pregnancy or in the postpartum period have ...adverse effects not only on the mother, but also on mother-infant attachment and the child’s subsequent development. Additionally, there is growing evidence suggesting that parental addiction may be transmitted intergenerationally, where the child of parents with addiction problems is more likely to experience addiction as an adult. The current review takes a developmental perspective and draws from animal and human studies to examine how compromised early experience, including insecure attachment, early abuse/neglect, and unresolved trauma, may influence the development of neurobiological pathways associated with addictions, ultimately increasing one’s susceptibility to addictions later in life. We approach this from three different levels: molecular, neuroendocrine and behavioral; and examine the oxytocin affiliation system, dopamine reward system, and glucocorticoid stress response system in this regard. Increased understanding of these underlying mechanisms may help identify key targets for early prevention efforts and inform needed intervention strategies related to both insecure attachment and addiction.
In gravel bed rivers, the microtopography of the bed exerts a significant effect on the generation of turbulent flow structures. Although field and laboratory measurements have indicated that flows ...over gravel beds contain coherent macroturbulent flow structures, the origin of these phenomena, and their relationship to the ensemble of individual roughness elements forming the bed, is not quantitatively well understood. Here we report upon a flume experiment in which flow over a gravel surface is quantified through the application of digital particle imaging velocimetry, which allows study of the downstream and vertical components of velocity over the entire flow field. The results indicate that as the Reynolds number increases (1) the visual distinctiveness of the coherent flow structures becomes more defined, (2) the upstream slope of the structures increases, and (3) the turbulence intensity of the structures increases. Analysis of the mean velocity components, the turbulence intensity, and the flow structure using quadrant analysis demonstrates that these large‐scale turbulent structures originate from flow interactions with the bed topography. Detection of the dominant temporal length scales through wavelet analysis enables calculation of mean separation zone lengths associated with the gravel roughness through standard scaling laws. The calculated separation zone lengths demonstrate that wake flapping is a dominant mechanism in the production of large‐scale coherent flow structures in gravel bed rivers. Thus, we show that coherent flow structures over gravels owe their origin to bed‐generated turbulence and that large‐scale outer layer structures are the result of flow‐topography interactions in the near‐bed region associated with wake flapping.
This paper will look at the results of what has been termed “the crisis of modernism” and the related rise of postmodern perspectives in the 19th and 20th centuries. It concentrates on what is ...arguably the chief casualty of this crisis – human agency – and the social science that has developed out of the crisis. We argue that modern and postmodern social science ultimately obviate human agency in the understanding of what it means to be a human being. Attention is given to the contemporary intellectual world and the way in which it has been deeply informed by neo-Hegelian and other postmodern scholarly trends, particularly in accounting for how agency has come to play little role in social science understanding of human action. The paper also offers an alternative conception of human agency to the commonly endorsed libertarian model of free choice. Finally, the paper argues that this view of agency preserves meaning and purpose in human action and counters the pervasive social science worldview that sacrifices agency and meaning to powerful invisible abstractions.
A series of studies is described demonstrating the feasibility of linking reliable surrogate performance tests to real-life measures of performance. First, we illustrate dose equivalency, where ...deficits in computerized performance tests were related to graded dosages of alcohol and where prediction equations of blood alcohol level were established. Secondly, surrogate criteria composed of standardized aptitude tests (known to be predictive of operational performances) were administered to a sample tested on the same computer-based cognitive tests. This performance loss, in connec- tion to alcohol, was indexed to cognitive performances on the computer tests through their composite relation to intelligence tests. These laboratory-based relations were then linked to several studies of real-world performances by applying the integrative surrogate metric. An explanation is given of how the composite is developed and used to form units that are common from study to study and familiar to the reader.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Accurate cause of death assignment is crucial for prostate cancer epidemiology and trials reporting prostate cancer-specific mortality outcomes.
We compared death certificate information with ...independent cause of death evaluation by an expert committee within a prostate cancer trial (2002-2015).
Of 1236 deaths assessed, expert committee evaluation attributed 523 (42%) to prostate cancer, agreeing with death certificate cause of death in 1134 cases (92%, 95% CI: 90%, 93%). The sensitivity of death certificates in identifying prostate cancer deaths as classified by the committee was 91% (95% CI: 89%, 94%); specificity was 92% (95% CI: 90%, 94%). Sensitivity and specificity were lower where death occurred within 1 year of diagnosis, and where there was another primary cancer diagnosis.
UK death certificates accurately identify cause of death in men with prostate cancer, supporting their use in routine statistics. Possible differential misattribution by trial arm supports independent evaluation in randomised trials.
The immune system can eliminate tumors, but checkpoints enable immune escape. Here, we identify immune evasion mechanisms using genome-scale in vivo CRISPR screens across cancer models treated with ...immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). We identify immune evasion genes and important immune inhibitory checkpoints conserved across cancers, including the non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) molecule Qa-1
/HLA-E. Surprisingly, loss of tumor interferon-γ (IFNγ) signaling sensitizes many models to immunity. The immune inhibitory effects of tumor IFN sensing are mediated through two mechanisms. First, tumor upregulation of classical MHC class I inhibits natural killer cells. Second, IFN-induced expression of Qa-1
inhibits CD8
T cells via the NKG2A/CD94 receptor, which is induced by ICB. Finally, we show that strong IFN signatures are associated with poor response to ICB in individuals with renal cell carcinoma or melanoma. This study reveals that IFN-mediated upregulation of classical and non-classical MHC class I inhibitory checkpoints can facilitate immune escape.
The associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical literacy in children are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between CRF, measured using the ...20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT), and components of physical literacy among Canadian children aged 8-12 years.
A total of 9393 (49.9% girls) children, with a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (±1.2) years, from a cross-sectional surveillance study were included for this analysis. The SRT was evaluated using a standardized 15 m or 20 m protocol. All 15 m SRTs were converted to 20mSRT values using a standardized formula. The four domains of physical literacy (Physical Competence, Daily Behaviour, Motivation and Confidence, and Knowledge and Understanding) were measured using the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy. Tertiles were identified for 20mSRT laps, representing low, medium, and high CRF for each age and gender group. Cohen's d was used to calculate the effect size between the low and high CRF groups.
CRF was strongly and favourably associated with all components of physical literacy among school-aged Canadian children. The effect size between low and high CRF tertile groups was large for the Physical Competence domain (Cohen's d range: 1.11-1.94) across age and gender groups, followed by moderate to large effect sizes for Motivation and Confidence (Cohen's d range: 0.54-1.18), small to moderate effect sizes for Daily Behaviour (Cohen's d range: 0.25-0.81), and marginal to moderate effect sizes for Knowledge and Understanding (Cohen's d range: 0.08-0.70).
This study identified strong favourable associations between CRF and physical literacy and its constituent components in children aged 8-12 years. Future research should investigate the sensitivity and specificity of the 20mSRT in screening those with low physical literacy levels.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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