The high instantaneous luminosities expected following the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) pose major experimental challenges for the CMS experiment. A ...central component to allow efficient operation under these conditions is the reconstruction of charged particle trajectories and their inclusion in the hardware-based trigger system. There are many challenges involved in achieving this: a large input data rate of about 20–40 Tb/s processing a new batch of input data every 25 ns, each consisting of about 15,000 precise position measurements and rough transverse momentum measurements of particles (“stubs”); performing the pattern recognition on these stubs to find the trajectories; and producing the list of trajectory parameters within 4 μs. This paper describes a proposed solution to this problem, specifically, it presents a novel approach to pattern recognition and charged particle trajectory reconstruction using an all-FPGA solution. The results of an end-to-end demonstrator system, based on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGAs, that meets timing and performance requirements are presented along with a further improved, optimized version of the algorithm together with its corresponding expected performance.
Motivational music when synchronized with movement has been found to improve performance in anaerobic and aerobic endurance tasks, although gender differences pertaining to the potential benefits of ...such music have seldom been investigated. The present study addresses the psychological and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise.
A mixed-model design was employed in which there was a within-subjects factor (two experimental conditions and a control) and a between-subjects factor (gender).
Participants (
N
=
26) performed six circuit-type exercises under each of three synchronous conditions: motivational music, motivationally-neutral (
oudeterous) music, and a metronome control. Dependent measures comprised anaerobic endurance, which was assessed using the number of repetitions performed prior to the failure to maintain synchronicity, and post-task affect, which was assessed using
Hardy and Rejeski’s (1989) Feeling Scale. Mixed-model 3 (Condition)
×
2 (Gender) ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, and MANOVA were used to analyze the data.
Synchronous music did not elicit significant (
p
<
.05) ergogenic or psychological effects in isolation; rather, significant (
p
<
.05) Condition
×
Gender interaction effects emerged for both total repetitions and mean affect scores. Women and men showed differential affective responses to synchronous music and men responded more positively than women to metronomic regulation of their movements. Women derived the greatest overall benefit from both music conditions.
Men may place greater emphasis on the metronomic regulation of movement than the remaining, extra-rhythmical, musical qualities. Men and women appear to exhibit differential responses in terms of affective responses to synchronous music.
The CMS experiment collects and analyzes large amounts of data coming from high energy particle collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. This involves a huge amount of real and ...simulated data processing that needs to be handled in batch-oriented platforms. The CMS Global Pool of computing resources provide +100K dedicated CPU cores and another 50K to 100K CPU cores from opportunistic resources for these kind of tasks and even though production and event processing analysis workflows are already managed by existing tools, there is still a lack of support to submit final stage condor-like analysis jobs familiar to Tier-3 or local Computing Facilities users into these distributed resources in an integrated (with other CMS services) and friendly way. CMS Connect is a set of computing tools and services designed to augment existing services in the CMS Physics community focusing on these kind of condor analysis jobs. It is based on the CI-Connect platform developed by the Open Science Grid and uses the CMS GlideInWMS infrastructure to transparently plug CMS global grid resources into a virtual pool accessed via a single submission machine. This paper describes the specific developments and deployment of CMS Connect beyond the CI-Connect platform in order to integrate the service with CMS specific needs, including specific Site submission, accounting of jobs and automated reporting to standard CMS monitoring resources in an effortless way to their users.
A study was undertaken in 2008 and 2009 to examine potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar susceptibility, the potential of other host species to act as sources of inoculum for potato infections, and ...other aspects of potato-Phytophthora nicotianae interactions. Twelve isolates of P. nicotianae collected from five leaf, one petiole, and six tuber infections of potato from five states, as well as isolates from a variety of other host species, were evaluated for ability to cause tuber rot of potato via inoculation studies. Additionally, the susceptibility of 27 potato cultivars commonly grown in the United States to tuber infection by P. nicotianae was determined. Eighty-three percent of the isolates recovered from potato were highly aggressive, infecting tubers at nearly four times greater incidences than isolates originating from nonpotato hosts. With the exception of two tobacco isolates, zoospores of all isolates recovered from nonpotato hosts were able to infect potato tubers. Russet cultivars were significantly less susceptible to P. nicotianae than red and white cultivars in 2008, and red cultivars in 2009. Umatilla Russet was the most resistant cultivar in both years, whereas Red Norland and Dakota Rose were the most susceptible in both years. Results of a survey for P. nicotianae conducted in four states from 2008 through 2010 confirmed previous observations of naturally occurring infections of potato in Missouri, Nebraska, and Texas, as well as infections of potato in Michigan (documented for the first time). All isolates recovered in the survey were sensitive to mefenoxam (EC
< 1.0 μg/ml).
The CDF II Level 1 Track Trigger Upgrade Jones, M.; Abulencia, A.; Azzurri, P. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
02/2008, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The CDF II detector uses dedicated hardware to identify charged tracks that are used in an important class of level 1 trigger decisions. Until now, this hardware identified track segments based on ...patterns of hits on only the axial sense wires in the tracking chamber and determined the transverse momentum of track candidates from patterns of track segments. This identification is efficient but produces trigger rates that grow rapidly with increasing instantaneous luminosity. High trigger rates are a consequence of the large numbers of low momentum tracks produced in inelastic collisions which generate overlapping patterns of hits that match those expected for high-momentum tracks. A recently completed upgrade to the level 1 track trigger system makes use of information from stereo wires in the tracking chamber to reduce the rate of false triggers while maintaining high efficiency for real high momentum particles. We describe the new electronics used to instrument the additional sense wires, identify track segments and correlate these with the track candidates found by the original track trigger system. The performance of this system is characterized in terms of the efficiency for identifying charged particles and the improved rejection of axial track candidates that do not correspond to real particles.
Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank of tobacco, occurs in all tobacco-producing areas of North Carolina. A recent state-wide survey revealed multiple fields in which both the A1 ...and A2 mating types were present. Very little is known about the contribution of sexual sporulation to pathogen variability and black shank epidemiology. A1 and A2 isolates that originated from the same fields were paired on soft carrot agar amended with 10 ppm cholesterol to identify the potential for sexual compatibility and reproduction. A subset of compatible isolates from within fields was further examined to assess the percentage of oospores from pairings that were viable. After 4-wks incubation, oospores were extracted from the agar and stained with tetrazolium bromide. Viable oospores were identified microscopically based on a specific color reaction as described by Sutherland and Cohen in 1983. Viability of the within-field pairings ranged between 20 and 48%. Germination of oospore progeny is being investigated to determine if sexual reproduction serves as a source of pathogen variability. Understanding the biology of sexual sporulation in P. nicotianae will help elucidate how variability develops within populations and how it influences short and long term durability of resistance genes in tobacco.
eXtremely Fast Tracker trigger upgrade at CDF Abulencia, A.; Azzurri, P.; Cochran, E. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
2009, 2009-1-00, 2009-01-01, Letnik:
598, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The CDF II eXtremely Fast Tracker (XFT) is a trigger processor which reconstructs charged particle tracks in the transverse plane of the central tracking chamber. The XFT tracks are also extrapolated ...to the electromagnetic calorimeter and muon chambers to generate trigger electron and muon candidates. The XFT is crucial for the entire CDF II physics program: it detects high
P
t
lepton from
W
/
Z
and heavy flavors decay and, in conjunction with the level 2 processor, it identifies secondary vertices from beauty decay. The XFT has thus been crucial for the recent measurement of the
B
s
0
oscillation and
Σ
b
. The increase of the Tevatron instantaneous luminosity demanded an upgrade of the system to cope with the higher occupancy of the chamber. In the upgraded XFT, three-dimensional tracking reduces the level of fake tracks and measures the longitudinal track parameters, which strongly reinforce the trigger selection. This allows to maintain the trigger perfectly efficient at the record luminosities
2
–
3
×
10
32
cm
-
2
s
-
1
and to maintain intact the CDF II high luminosity physics program, which includes the Higgs search. In this paper we review the architecture, the used technology, the performance and the impact of the upgraded XFT on the entire CDF II trigger strategy.
Research on policing in homeland security has focused on issues associated with information sharing between law enforcement agencies. However, insufficient research exists to determine whether ...effective sharing occurs within individual agencies. There is a lack of research regarding knowledge management within local law enforcement agencies. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the impact of organizational changes implemented since September 11, 2001 on knowledge sharing of potential terrorist threats within local law enforcement agencies. The phenomenon was explored by obtaining rich, thick descriptions of the experiences of local law enforcement officers. Semi-structured interviews based on phenomenological inquiry were used to collect data from a sample of 13 officers from eight local law enforcement agencies operating in Maricopa County, Arizona. Open-ended interview questions were designed to have participants reconstruct their experiences regarding the communication of potential terrorist threats within their respective agencies. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling based on their experience of the phenomenon and willingness to participate in the study. Data collected were analyzed using the modified van Kaam method. Of the fourteen themes identified in this study, eight have been identified in previous studies related to information sharing and law enforcement agencies: organizational culture within agencies, role of management, issues with personalities, relationships among officers, financial resources, technology, training, and value of shared information. Six themes have not been identified in previous research: credibility of information and sources of information, feedback to officers providing information, liaisons within agencies, over-saturation of information, simplicity of information sharing, and time needed to adjust to organizational changes. Recommendations for future research include additional studies designed to determine the extent to which these findings can be generalized to other agencies, states, and geographical areas. Future research should explore whether the six newly identified themes in this study also impact the communication of potential terrorist threats between different law enforcement agencies. Different theoretical foundations may be applied to the findings of this study to provide additional insight into the fourteen themes identified as well as information sharing within local law enforcement agencies.
The CDF II eXtremely Fast Tracker Upgrade Abulencia, A.; Errede, D.; Gerberich, H. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2007, Letnik:
581, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CDF II eXtremely Fast Tracker (XFT) is the trigger processor which reconstructs charged particle tracks in the CDF II central outer tracking chamber. The XFT tracks are also extrapolated to the ...electromagnetic calorimeter and muon chambers and are associated to electromagnetic clusters and muon stubs to generate trigger electron and muon candidates. The steady increase of the Tevatron instantaneous luminosity and the resulting higher occupancy of the chamber demanded an upgrade of the original system, which performed tracking only in the transverse plane of the chamber and was consequently affected by a significant level of fake tracks. In the upgraded XFT, tracking is reinforced by using additional data from the stereo layers of the chamber to reduce the level of fake tracks and to perform three-dimensional track reconstruction. A review of this upgrade is presented.
The CDF II eXtremely Fast Tracker upgrade Abulencia, A.; Azzurri, P.; Cochran, E. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2007, Letnik:
572, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CDF II eXtremely Fast Tracker is the trigger track processor which reconstructs charged particle tracks in the transverse plane of the CDF II central outer tracking chamber. The system is now ...being upgraded to perform a three dimensional track reconstruction. A review of the upgrade is presented here.
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