Whether red and processed meat consumption is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarise the evidence from prospective studies of red and processed ...meat consumption and pancreatic cancer risk.
Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases through November 2011. Study-specific results were pooled using a random-effects model.
Eleven prospective studies, with 6643 pancreatic cancer cases, were included in the meta-analysis. An increase in red meat consumption of 120 g per day was associated with an overall relative risk (RR) of 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.93-1.39; P(heterogeneity)<0.001). Red meat consumption was positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk in men (RR=1.29; 95% CI=1.08-1.53; P(heterogeneity)=0.28; five studies), but not in women (RR=0.93; 95% CI=0.74-1.16; P(heterogeneity)=0.21; six studies). The RR of pancreatic cancer for a 50 g per day increase in processed meat consumption was 1.19 (95% CI=1.04-1.36; P(heterogeneity)=0.46).
Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that processed meat consumption is positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Red meat consumption was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in men. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Aims/hypothesis
Diabetes is associated with increased risk of cancer at several sites, but its association with cancer of the kidney is unclear. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to ...examine the association between diabetes and incidence of kidney cancer.
Methods
Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed (from January 1966 to December 2010) and reviewing the reference lists of relevant articles. We included cohort studies reporting RR estimates and 95% CI (or data to calculate them) of the association between diabetes and kidney cancer incidence. Summary RRs were calculated using a random-effects model.
Results
Nine cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of all studies showed that compared with individuals without diabetes, patients with diabetes had a statistically significant increased risk of kidney cancer (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06–1.91). There was heterogeneity among studies (
p
< 0.001 for heterogeneity). The association was stronger in women (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.47–1.97) than in men (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.49). When restricting the analysis to studies that had adjusted for body mass index (
n
= 3) or cigarette smoking (
n
= 3), the RRs were 1.12 (95% CI 0.99–1.27) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.05–1.58), respectively.
Conclusions/interpretation
This meta-analysis indicates a positive association between diabetes and risk of kidney cancer. Future research should attempt to establish whether this association is causal.
High consumption of red meat and processed meat has been associated with increased risk of several chronic diseases. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from prospective studies on ...red meat and processed meat consumption in relationship to all-cause mortality. Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed through May 2013 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Prospective studies that reported relative risks with 95% confidence intervals for the association of red meat or processed meat consumption with all-cause mortality were eligible. Study-specific results were combined by using a random-effects model. Nine prospective studies were included in the meta-analysis. The summary relative risks of all-cause mortality for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.22; n = 6 studies) for unprocessed red meat, 1.23 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.28; n = 6 studies) for processed meat, and 1.29 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.35; n = 5 studies) for total red meat. In a dose-response meta-analysis, consumption of processed meat and total red meat, but not unprocessed red meat, was statistically significantly positively associated with all-cause mortality in a nonlinear fashion. These results indicate that high consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, may increase all-cause mortality.
Cohort studies of excess body weight and risk of liver cancer were identified for a meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to June 2007 and the reference lists of retrieved ...articles. Results from individual studies were combined using a random-effects model. We identified 11 cohort studies, of which seven on overweight (with a total of 5037 cases) and 10 on obesity (with 6042 cases) were suitable for meta-analysis. Compared with persons of normal weight, the summary relative risks of liver cancer were 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.34) for those who were overweight and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.51-2.36) for those who were obese. This meta-analysis finds that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer.
Background
The impact of multiple healthy lifestyle factors on survival time is unclear.
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine differences in survival time associated with a healthy ...lifestyle versus a less healthy lifestyle.
Methods
This study consisted of 33 454 men (Cohort of Swedish Men) and 30 639 women (Swedish Mammography Cohort) aged 45–83 years and free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline. The healthy lifestyle factors included the following: (i) nonsmoking; (ii) physical activity at least 150 min per week; (iii) alcohol consumption of 0–14 drinks per week; (iv) and healthy diet defined as a modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet score above the median. Cox proportional hazards regression models and Laplace regression were used to estimate, respectively, hazard ratios of all‐cause mortality and differences in survival time.
Results
During follow‐up from 1998 through 2014, 8630 deaths amongst men and 6730 deaths amongst women were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Each of the four healthy lifestyle factors was inversely associated with all‐cause mortality and increased survival time. Compared with individuals with no or one healthy lifestyle factor, the multivariable hazard ratios of all‐cause mortality for individuals with all four health behaviours were 0.47 (95% 95% confidence interval CI: 0.44–0.51) in men and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.35–0.44) in women. This corresponded to a difference in survival time of 4.1 (95% CI: 3.6–4.6) years in men and 4.9 (95% CI: 4.3–5.6) years in women.
Conclusion
Adopting healthy lifestyle behaviours may markedly increase lifespan.
Coffee consumption has been inconsistently associated with risk of stroke. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to quantitatively assess the association between coffee ...consumption and stroke risk. Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase from January 1966 through May 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Prospective studies in which investigators reported relative risks of stroke for 3 or more categories of coffee consumption were eligible. Results from individual studies were pooled using a random-effects model. Eleven prospective studies, with 10,003 cases of stroke and 479,689 participants, met the inclusion criteria. There was some evidence of a nonlinear association between coffee consumption and risk of stroke (P for nonlinearity = 0.005). Compared with no coffee consumption, the relative risks of stroke were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.78, 0.94) for 2 cups of coffee per day, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.92) for 3−4 cups/day, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.97) for 6 cups/day, and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.08) for 8 cups/day. There was marginal between-study heterogeneity among study-specific trends (I
2 = 12% and I
2 = 20% for the first and second spline transformations, respectively). Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that moderate coffee consumption may be weakly inversely associated with risk of stroke.
We performed a meta-analysis of studies of the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer identified from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to February 2007 and the ...references of retrieved articles. A random-effects model was used to combine results from eight cohort studies and three case-control studies, with a total of 3288 cases. Compared with individuals of 'normal weight', the summary relative risk of gallbladder cancer for those who were overweight or obese was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01-1.30) and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.47-1.88) respectively. The association with obesity was stronger for women (relative risk, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.66-2.13) than for men (relative risk, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09-1.68). There was no statistically significant heterogeneity among the results of individual studies. This meta-analysis confirms the association between excess body weight and risk of gallbladder cancer.
Background
Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are modifiable lifestyle factors with important impact on public health. It is unclear whether these factors influence the risk of aortic valve ...stenosis (AVS).
Objective
To investigate the associations of alcohol consumption and smoking, including smoking intensity and time since cessation, with AVS incidence in two prospective cohorts.
Methods
This analysis was based on data from the Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of Swedish Men, comprising 69 365 adults without cardiovascular disease at baseline. Participants were followed for AVS incidence and death by linkage to the Swedish National Patient and Causes of Death Registers. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression.
Results
Over a mean follow‐up of 15.3 years, 1249 cases of AVS (494 in women and 755 in men) were recorded. Compared with never drinkers of alcohol (lifelong abstainers), the risk of AVS was significantly lower in current light drinkers (1–6 drinks per week 1 drink = 12 g alcohol; multivariable HR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68–0.99). The risk of AVS increased with increasing smoking intensity. Compared with never smokers, the HR was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.16–1.85) in current smokers of ≥30 pack‐years. Former smokers who had quit smoking 10 or more years previously had similar risk for AVS as never smokers.
Conclusions
This study suggests that current light alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of AVS, and indicates that the association between smoking and AVS risk is reversible.
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