We argue that a multinational enterprise's (MNE's) location choice for its host-country headquarters (HCHQ) in the geographic space of the host country is determined by the interplay between the ...strategic roles of HCHQ in the organizational space of the MNE and the institutional space external and internal to the MNE. We focus on the location choice between Beijing and Shanghai. We test our arguments using data for a sample of Fortune Global 500 corporations in China (1979-2005). This study contributes to international business (IB) research by reinvigorating research on HCHQ. We also complement economic geography research on subnational agglomeration by using an IB perspective with a focus on the institutional idiosyncrasies of cities.
This paper reviews the existing management research on Asia. The findings highlight that Asian management research not only builds the understanding of Asia, but also makes a critical contribution to ...the broad domain of management studies. In particular, Asian‐focused research allows researchers to extend and revise theories through the consideration of new contextual variables. This enables researchers to fine‐tune theories by developing context‐specific conditions and operationalization of key constructs, which in turn allows researchers to develop new theories and constructs which are generalizable to research in other contexts. This systematic examination will help to lay the foundation for the further expansion of the understanding of both Asia and of management research in general.
This study examined several hypotheses regarding the location choice of foreign direct investment from newly industrialized economies (NIEs). Using a sample of 328 Taiwanese firms in the analysis, ...this study found that the firms' motivations had a significant impact on the choice of their investment location (developed countries vs. less developed countries), yet this impact was moderated by the capabilities that the firms possessed. The results suggest that both asset-exploitation and asset-seeking aspects of investments are predictive of the NIE firms' location choice of investment.
Network–based resource capital such as political capital, social capital, and reputational capital are critical in providing firms with special access to various resources and legitimacy in emerging ...markets. However, how these generic nonmarket forms of capital are transformed into value–adding, industry–specific, and firm–specific uses, which subsequently enhance firm competitiveness, remained unanswered. Adopting a dynamic capability approach, this paper posits that corporate entrepreneurship performs a unique role of resource capital configuration and transformation in emerging market firms by continuously renewing firm competences so that congruence with the changing environment can be achieved. Building on this conceptualization, we argue that the positive effects of network–based resource capital on firm performance are channeled through the resource configuration process given by various corporate entrepreneurial activities such as product and organizational innovations as well as new venturing. Empirical evidence of the proposed mediation model is obtained from a survey of established firms in China.
Past literature on foreign direct investment generally supports an economics perspective that there is a direct relationship between firm-specific ownership advantages and international expansion. ...However, in emerging economies, with their institutional environment context characterized by low resource munificence and continuous economic liberalization, a theoretical extension of the current perspective is needed. This paper introduces new parameters by focusing on specific ownership advantages and strategic actions that firms have to develop in response to the institutional characteristics of the emerging economies when they decide to pursue outward FDI. The focus here is on international venturing that requires a firm to engage in activities for new business creation in a foreign country rather than simply seek to distribute a product in another nation. It is shown empirically that the relationship between firm-specific ownership advantages and international venturing is moderated by the degree of home industry competition and export intensity. In addition, such a relationship is mediated by the intensity of corporate entrepreneurial transformation in the form of innovation, new business creation, and strategic renewal.
This study examines market orientation as the antecedent to strategic human resource management (SHRM), and the related effects on firm performance in an emerging economy context. It is suggested ...that the relationship between SHRM and firm performance is moderated by ownership type and autonomy in staffing of these firms. Empirical results from a sample of Chinese firms from various industries and regions reveal that SHRM mediates the relationship between market orientation and firm performance. It is also found that the effect of SHRM on firm performance is stronger for firms with a higher degree of autonomy in staffing, and weaker for private firms. Other types of ownership (state or foreign) have no effect on this relationship.
This paper outlines the critical role of organizational culture in the link between the HR system and development of new products and services. While it has been generally accepted that an ...innovation-oriented HR system would lead to higher level of innovation, the literature does not lend full support to this link. This paper is to point out the inadequacy of such simplified view. It is suggested that a developmental culture is the missing link in-between HR system and innovation outcomes. An HR system which emphasizes extensive training, performance-based reward, and team development is necessary to create an organizational culture that is conducive to product innovation. The empirical findings from a survey of 332 firms in Hong Kong confirmed that organizational culture acted as a mediator between a firm's HR system and product innovation.
This paper proposes and investigates a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access scheme that is based on spectrum sensing (CNOMA-SS), where the primary user intends to communicate with the base ...station by the assistance of the secondary user. On the other hand, the secondary user can obtain an additional opportunity to access the spectrum band originally belonging to the primary user. Therefore, a win-win situation is achieved by our collaboration scheme. When employing the proposed scheme, the secondary user, i.e., the user relay, adopts the spectrum sensing technique to perceive the surrounding wireless environment by identifying the spectrum holes. According to the sensing results, the secondary user will intelligently determine its transmission signal form, eventually improving the overall system capacity. In this paper, we take the practical assumption of imperfect spectrum sensing into consideration. To characterize the performance of the proposed CNOMA-SS scheme, closed-form expressions for outage probability, system throughput in delay-limited transmission mode, ergodic rate, and system throughput in delay-tolerant transmission mode are derived, with or without the direct link between the base station and the primary user. Simulation results further validate these closed-form derivation expressions, verify the effectiveness of employing the spectrum sensing technique, and illustrate the superior performance of CNOMA-SS compared with two cooperative benchmarks, in terms of system throughput in delay-limited and delay-tolerant transmission modes with or without the direct link, respectively.
This paper investigates the relay selection problem and proposes a three‐stage relay selection strategy with power allocation (TRSPA) for a spectrum‐sensing‐based full‐duplex (FD) user relaying ...cooperative non‐orthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) scheme. Uniformly‐distributed strong user relays in the investigated scheme help a weak user communicates with the base station in an efficient and reliable way. The proposed TRSPA strategy maximizes the transmission data rate of the selected relay while ensuring successful transmissions for the weak user by precisely narrowing down relay candidates step‐by‐step and dynamically allocating optimal power coefficients. Exact and asymptotic outage probabilities and ergodic rates are worked out. Accordingly, diversity orders and spatial multiplexing gains are derived. We further exploit the impact of self‐interference (SI) on TRSPA for FD‐CNOMA and then compare its performance with TRSPA applied in other relaying modes, that is half‐duplex and orthogonal multiple access. Finally, simulation results reveal that: (i) theoretical derivation results are correct; (ii) TRSPA always outperforms other relay selection strategies in terms of outage probability and ergodic rate; and (iii) TRSPA for FD‐CNOMA in a real‐world scenario achieves better performance than other relaying modes in spite of the adverse effect of SI in FD mode.
PDF