Resumen El presente trabajo se propone analizar tres grandes problemáticas teóricas y estratégicas que se derivan de la lectura de Imperio de Michael Hardt y Antonio Negri: el abandono de la ...dialéctica, la crítica de la teoría del valor y la propuesta del nuevo sujeto revolucionario, la multitud. Comenzamos con la revisión de las filiaciones teóricas que participan en la elaboración de su propuesta, las influencias del obrerismo italiano y su vertiente autonomista principalmente, el contacto con el estructuralismo y pos-estructuralismo francés. A continuación analizamos algunos aspectos puntuales de la relación que traba el constructo teórico de Imperio con Marx y el marxismo, con la hipótesis de que el carácter polémico o problemático de estos aspectos se encuentra en parte en los antecedentes analizados e impacta en el valor analítico y estratégico de la propuesta final de los autores.
Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar três grandes problemas teóricos e estratégicos que derivam da leitura de Império, de Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri: o abandono da dialética, a crítica à teoria do valor e a proposta do novo sujeito revolucionário, a multidão. Iniciamos com a revisão das filiações teóricas que participam da elaboração de sua proposta, as influências do obreirismo italiano e seu lado autonomista principalmente, o contato com o estruturalismo e o pós-estruturalismo francês. A seguir analisamos alguns aspectos específicos da relação entre a construção teórica do Império e Marx e o marxismo, com a hipótese de que a natureza controversa ou problemática desses aspectos encontra-se em parte no pano de fundo analisado e tem impacto no valor analítico e na estratégia da proposta final dos autores.
The present study evaluated the in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor activity of two new selanyl amide derivatives in cerebral structures of mice. Our results demonstrated that ...N-(2-(3-(phenylselanyl)propoxy)phenyl)furan-2-carboxamide (
1
) and N-(2-(3-(phenylselanyl)propoxy)phenyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (
2
) inhibited the in vitro AChE activity in mice. Another objective was to assess the effect of the best AChE inhibitor in an amnesic model induced by scopolamine (SCO) in male Swiss mice. The involvement of AChE activity and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral structures was investigated. Our results showed that compound
1
(10 mg/kg, intragastrically) attenuated the latency to find the escape box and the number of holes visited in the Barnes maze task, without altering the locomotor and exploratory activities in an open-field test. Compound
1
protected against increasing in lipid peroxidation levels and AChE activity caused by SCO in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. In conclusion, the present study evidenced the in vitro anticholinesterase effect of two new selanyl amide derivatives in the cerebral structures of mice. Moreover, compound
1
, a selanyl amide derivative containing a furan ring, demonstrated antiamnesic action due to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities in cerebral structures.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sucesivas experiencias de familiares de desaparecidos en la última dictadura militar en la Argentina me hicieron advertir, en el marco de mis investigaciones anteriores, sobre los muertos y su ...relación con los vivos. Experiencias de vecinos de la zona de Chicureo, en Santiago de Chile, en íntima relación con <>, volvió a plantearme interrogantes sobre las diferentes situaciones en las que los fallecidos intervienen en la vida cotidiana de los vivos. Las diferencias más evidentes entre los fantasmas en el caso de los desaparecidos y los fantasmas de Chicureo son que en el primer caso se trata de experiencias de personas adultas y que la relación entre vivos y muertos está fundada exclusivamente a partir de la muerte violenta de sus seres queridos. El caso de los vecinos de Chicureo que aquí expongo se trata niños que se comunican con muertos ajenos, es decir, pérdidas que son de otros. El objetivo de este ensayo es, junto con exponer mis primeras aproximaciones a la temática, encontrar espacios de diálogo con trabajos que desde las ciencias sociales traten sobre las creencias acerca de la vida y la muerte y permitan poner el centro de atención en la agencia de los muertos.
This study considers the way in which the recovery of the bodies of those who were detained and disappeared under the Pinochet dictatorship not only enables the social recognition of their deaths and ...the performance of death rituals hitherto obstructed, but also makes it possible to "attend to" their deaths in multiple dimensions. The research draws upon testimonies and records collected during fieldwork for an ongoing anthropological investigation. We observe the different practices that can be associated with the process of "dignification," including the physical demonstrations of affection made possible by the recovery of the bodies. We also illustrate how, for family members, the practices involved in "caring for" and "attending to" death may defy or test the limits of standardized processes imposed by professionals and preconceived ideas or practices relating to death.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the variation in cognitive flexibility in the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango), across areas with different levels of urbanization. To assess this, we utilized ...the reversal learning assay which measures the ability to adapt behavior in response to changes in environmental contingencies. We also investigated the impact of neophobia on this variation. All chimangos studied succeeded in acquiring a color-reward association and reverting this learned association when the contingencies changed. Urban chimangos were faster than their rural and suburban counterparts during the initial discrimination and reversal phases. The reversal phase proved to be the most challenging task. The analysis of the errors made during this phase revealed that acquiring a new association (i.e. regressive errors) was challenging for the individuals studied, in comparison to inhibiting a previously learned one (i.e. perseverative errors). Neophobia was found to be lower in urban individuals compared to suburban and rural raptors. Moreover, neophobia showed a correlation with regressive errors during the reversal phase among rural and suburban chimangos, while no such correlation was observed among city-dwelling chimangos. We suggest that neophobia acted as a regulating factor of cognitive flexibility, mainly for individuals expressing relatively high levels of this personality trait.
Animal innovations have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. The occurrence and persistence of an innovation require several processes, including exploration, social and asocial ...learning, and low neophobia. In addition, the identity of the innovator may determine how these new behaviours are socially transmitted. Taking into account inter-individual and age differences, we investigated three correlates of animal innovation: object exploration, neophobia level and novel problem-solving ability in an opportunistic generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Eighteen individuals (7 adults and 11 juveniles) were caught during the non-breeding period and housed in individual cages in outdoor aviaries. Each bird was given three tests: exploration, neophobia and problem-solving. Individuals differed in their response to novel situations both within and between age groups. Most of the juveniles were more explorative and had a lower neophobic response to a strange object than adult birds, but both age groups were able to solve a novel problem when given a food reward. In juveniles, neophobia level and problem-solving performance were inversely related; however, we found no relationship between these behaviours in adults. Exploration did not correlate with neophobia or problem-solving ability for either age group. This research is one of the few studies exploring the inter-individual and age differences in behavioural innovation and their correlates in a bird of prey. The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological success.
Lignans are plant phenols derived from phenylpropanoids. They play a significant role in plant defense and have features that make them appealing for pharmaceutical applications. Lignans can be ...obtained by plant in vitro cultures; their production by adventitious and hairy roots of
species seems to be a promising alternative to chemical synthesis. In the context of large-scale production, it is necessary to optimize their extraction from plants tissue by choosing the more suitable solvent and extraction procedure, paying attention to the use of green media and methods. With the aim to select the best conditions for the extraction of two interesting lignans (justicidin B and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin) from
tissues, different green solvents and the method of ultrasound-assisted extraction were tested. The results showed that ethyl methyl ketone and dimethyl carbonate were the best media to extract justicidin B and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively, in terms of purity and recovery. Moreover, we showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction presents different advantages compared to conventional methods. Finally, the optimal experimental conditions to extract justicidin B from
hairy roots using methyl ethyl ketone were also determined by the response surface method. The models obtained are reliable and accurate to estimate the purity and recovery of justicidin B.
Resumen Es muy común encontrar en los testimonios de ex-combatientes o familiares de caídos de la Guerra de Malvinas (1982) la referencia explícita o implícita al sacrificio en el campo de batalla. ...Sin embargo, lo que se entiende por sacrificio o los sentidos dados al hecho no son los mismos en todos los casos. En este texto voy a proponer una tipología de sacrifico para entender el sentido que se la da a la muerte en la Guerra de Malvinas por diferentes actores sociales. Para ello, en una primera instancia, retomaré los aportes que se hicieron desde las ciencias sociales acerca del sacrificio. Luego, desde una perspectiva antropológica trataré los casos aquí analizados a partir del trabajo de campo realizado durante más de 10 años de investigación, y estableceré una vinculación entre sacrificio y violencia. En este sentido, vamos a analizar los diferentes sentidos otorgados a los muertos a partir de la interpretación dada al sacrifico y su específica relación con los significados acerca de la violencia en la guerra en el marco de la última dictadura militar en la Argentina.
Abstract It is very common to find explicit or implicit reference to sacrifice on the battlefield in the testimonies of ex-combatants or relatives of the Fallen of the Malvinas War (1982). However, the meaning of sacrifice or the senses it takes are not the same in all cases. In this article, I am going to propose a typology of sacrifice for understanding the meaning that different social actors give to death in the Malvinas War. First, I will review social science contributions to the theme of sacrifice. Then, from an anthropological perspective, I will analyse cases taken from more than ten years of field work, establishing a link between sacrifice and violence. I will investigate the different meanings attributed to the dead via the interpretation of sacrifice and its specific relationship with the meanings of violence in war, within the context of the last military dictatorship in Argentina.
Resumo É muito comum encontrar referências explícitas ou implícitas ao sacrifício no campo de batalha nos depoimentos de ex-combatentes ou parentes de mortos na Guerra das Malvinas (1982). No entanto, o que se entende por sacrifício ou os sentidos dados ao fato nãosão os mesmos em todos os casos. Neste texto vou propor uma tipologia de sacrifício para entender o significado dado à morte na Guerra das Malvinas por diferentes atores sociais. Para isto, em primeiro lugar, voltarei às contribuições que foram feitas pelas ciências sociais sobre o sacrifício. Então, de uma perspectiva antropológica, tratarei dos casos aqui analisados a partir do trabalho de campo realizado durante mais de 10 anos de pesquisa, e estabelecerei um elo entre sacrifício e violência. Nesse sentido, analisaremos os diferentes significados outorgados aos mortos a partir da interpretação dada ao sacrifício e sua específica relaçãocom os significados acerca da violência na guerra no marco da última ditadura militar na Argentina.
In order to understand plant/pathogen interaction, the transcriptome of uninfected (1S) and infected (2I) plant was sequenced at 3'end by the GS FLX 454 platform. De novo assembly of high-quality ...reads generated 27,231 contigs leaving 37,191 singletons in the 1S and 38,393 in the 2I libraries. ESTcalc tool suggested that 71% of the transcriptome had been captured, with 99% of the genes present being represented by at least one read. Unigene annotation showed that 50.5% of the predicted translation products shared significant homology with protein sequences in GenBank. In all 253 differential transcript abundance (DTAs) were in higher abundance and 52 in lower abundance in the 2I library. 128 higher abundance DTA genes were of fungal origin and 49 were clearly plant sequences. A tBLASTn-based search of the sequences using as query the full length predicted polypeptide product of 50 R genes identified 16 R gene products. Only one R gene (PGIP) was up-regulated. The response of the plant to fungal invasion included the up-regulation of several pathogenesis related protein (PR) genes involved in JA signaling and other genes associated with defense response and down regulation of cell wall associated genes, non-race-specific disease resistance1 (NDR1) and other genes like myb, presqualene diphosphate phosphatase (PSDPase), a UDP-glycosyltransferase 74E2-like (UGT). The DTA genes identified here should provide a basis for understanding the A. coronaria/T. discolor interaction and leads for biotechnology-based disease resistance breeding.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study investigated a possible antidepressant-like effect of ((4-
tert
-butylcyclohexylidene)methyl) (4-methoxystyryl) sulfide (BMMS) by using the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail ...suspension test (TST) in Swiss mice. The contribution of serotoninergic, glutamatergic and nitrergic systems in the antidepressant-like activity of BMMS was evaluated. We also examined the involvement of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A, MAO-B and Na
+
, K
+
-ATPase activities in prefrontal cortex of mice. BMMS, (0.1–10 mg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.)) and fluoxetine (32 mg/kg, i.g.) decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST. The anti-immobility effect of BMMS (10 mg/kg, i.g.) in the TST was prevented by the pretreatment of mice with WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.), a 5-HT
1A
receptor antagonist), ketanserin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.), a 5-HT
2A/2C
receptor antagonist), and partially blocked by ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT
3
receptor antagonist). The anti-immobility effect of BMMS (10 mg / kg, i.g.) was not avoided by pretreatment with MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg, s.c. a non-competitive N-methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor) in the TST. Pretreatment with L-arginine (500 mg/kg, i.p., a nitric oxide precursor) reversed partially the reduction in the immobility time elicited by BMMS (10 mg/kg, i.g.) in TST. BMMS altered Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase and MAO-A activities in prefrontal cortex of mice, but was not able to change the MAO-B activity. In conclusion, BMMS exerted an antidepressant-like effect in mice and serotonergic and nitrergic systems are involved in the antidepressant-like action of compound. BMMS modulated MAO-A and Na
+
, K
+
- ATPase activities in prefrontal cortex of mice.
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