Phantosmia, an underreported toxicity of brain radiation therapy (RT), is defined as an olfactory disorder resulting in a malodorous phantom smell. This study aimed to characterize the incidence of ...phantosmia in patients treated with intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT).
In this institutional review board–approved retrospective study, the electronic medical record of a pencil beam scanning-only proton center was queried for patients ≤39 years of age who received IMPT for primary intracranial, metastatic intracranial, skull base, nasopharyngeal or sinonasal neoplasms between August 2019 and December 2020. Patient, clinical, and phantosmia-related characteristics were collected. The olfactory region was defined to include the olfactory bulb and tract. Phantosmia severity was graded by intervention use (mild, no intervention; moderate, supportive treatment; severe, RT discontinuation).
Ninety-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Twelve patients (12.1%) reported phantosmia. Patients described perceiving a “chlorine,” “broccoli,” “stale water,” “metallic,” or “noxious” smell. Of the patients who reported phantosmia, median age was 17 (12-33) years, 66.7% were male, and 91.7% had intracranial tumors. None of the patients had prior RT. Chemoradiotherapy treatment did not correlate with phantosmia development (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-3.70; P = .90). Ten patients experienced accompanying toxicities, including taste changes (n = 3), vision disturbances (n = 5), and nausea/emesis (n = 7). Phantosmia was mild (n = 7) or moderate (n = 5). All patients completed their RT course. Sixty-seven percent received craniospinal irradiation (CSI) while 33% received focal brain RT, with the olfactory region receiving doses as low as 0.5 Gy. Notably, 8 of 27 patients who received CSI (30%) reported phantosmia (odds ratio, 7.66; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-28.34; P = .002).
In the first-ever study examining radiation-induced phantosmia among children and young adults treated with IMPT, all affected patients received irradiation dose to the olfactory region. Physician awareness of phantosmia, especially in the context of CSI, may improve the patient experience and treatment compliance. A prospective study is needed to elucidate frequency, severity, and phantosmia mechanism.
A new experiment SPASCHARM for systematic study of polarization phenomena in inclusive and exclusive hadronic reactions is currently under commissioning at IHEP. The universal experimental setup will ...detect dozens of various resonances and stable particles produced in collisions of unpolarized beams with the polarized target, and at the next stage, using polarized beams. At the first stage with polarized target, the final states composed of light quarks (u, d, s) will be reconstructed. Hyperon polarization and spin density matrix elements of the vector mesons will be measured along with the single-spin asymmetries. The 2π-acceptance in azimuth, which is extremely useful for reduction of systematic errors in measurements of spin observables, will be implemented in the experiment. The solid angle acceptance of the setup, Δθ≈250 mrad vertically and 350 mrad horizontally in the beam fragmentation region, covers a wide range of kinematic variables pT and xF. This provides the opportunity for separating dependences on these two variables which is usually not possible in the setups with a small solid angle acceptance. Unlike some previous polarization experiments, the SPASCHARM will be able to simultaneously accumulate and record data on the both, charged and neutral particle production.
Abstract
A new approach is proposed to form a jet with submicron aggregates for femtosecond laser neutron generation under nonlinear interaction with relativistically intense laser pulse. Aggregates ...are formed through the rapid expansion into vacuum of the supercritical mixture of CO
2
+ CD
3
OD (3:1). For the first time, fusion neutrons (2.45 MeV) with a peak output of 3 × 10
3
neutron/pulse/4
π
and efficiency of 6 × 10
4
neutron J
−1
were obtained under interaction of Ti:Sa laser pulse having 3 × 10
18
W cm
−2
intensity with submicron aggregates produced from supercritical CO
2
+ CD
3
OD mixture.
Most neurodegenerative pathologies stem from the formation of aggregates of mutant proteins, causing dysfunction and ultimately neuronal death. This study was aimed at elucidating the role of the ...protein factors that promote aggregate formation or prevent the process, respectively, glyceraldehyde-3-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and Hsp70 molecular chaperone. The siRNA technology was used to show that the inhibition of GAPDH expression leads to a 45-50% reduction in the aggregation of mutant huntingtin, with a repeat of 103 glutamine residues in a model of Huntington's disease (HD). Similarly, the blockage of GAPDH synthesis was found for the first time to reduce the degree of aggregation of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (G93A) in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The treatment of cells that imitate HD and ALS with a pharmacological GAPDH inhibitor, hydroxynonenal, was also shown to reduce the amount of the aggregating material in both disease models. Tissue transglutaminase is another factor that promotes the aggregation of mutant proteins; the inhibition of its activity with cystamine was found to prevent aggregate formation of mutant huntingtin and SOD1. In order to explore the protective function of Hsp70 in the control of the aggregation of mutant huntingtin, a cell model with inducible expression of the chaperone was used. The amount and size of polyglutamine aggregates were reduced by increasing the intracellular content of Hsp70. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the function of three proteins, GAPDH, tTG, and Hsp70, can affect the pathogenesis of two significant neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract
The target asymmetry
T
, recoil asymmetry
P
, and beam-target double polarization observable
H
were determined in exclusive
$$\pi ^0$$
π
0
and
$$\eta $$
η
photoproduction off quasi-free ...protons and, for the first time, off quasi-free neutrons. The experiment was performed at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn, Germany, with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS detector setup, using a linearly polarized photon beam and a transversely polarized deuterated butanol target. Effects from the Fermi motion of the nucleons within deuterium were removed by a full kinematic reconstruction of the final state invariant mass. A comparison of the data obtained on the proton and on the neutron provides new insight into the isospin structure of the electromagnetic excitation of the nucleon. Earlier measurements of polarization observables in the
$$\gamma p \rightarrow \pi ^0 p$$
γ
p
→
π
0
p
and
$$\gamma p \rightarrow \eta p$$
γ
p
→
η
p
reactions are confirmed. The data obtained on the neutron are of particular relevance for clarifying the origin of the narrow structure in the
$$\eta n$$
η
n
system at
$$W = 1.68\ \textrm{GeV}$$
W
=
1.68
GeV
. A comparison with recent partial wave analyses favors the interpretation of this structure as arising from interference of the
$$S_{11}(1535)$$
S
11
(
1535
)
and
$$S_{11}(1650)$$
S
11
(
1650
)
resonances within the
$$S_{11}$$
S
11
-partial wave.
The double-polarization observable Eand the helicity-dependent cross sections σ1/2and σ3/2have been measured for the first time for single π0photoproduction from protons and neutrons bound in the ...deuteron at the electron accelerator facility MAMI in Mainz, Germany. The experiment used a circularly polarized photon beam and a longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target. The reaction products, recoil nucleons and decay photons from the π0 meson were detected with the Crystal Ball and TAPS electromagnetic calorimeters. Effects from nuclear Fermi motion were removed by a kinematic reconstruction of the π0N final state. A comparison to data measured with a free proton target showed that the absolute scale of the cross sections is significantly modified by nuclear final-state interaction (FSI) effects. However, there is no significant effect on the asymmetry E since the σ1/2 and σ3/2 components appear to be influenced in a similar way. Thus, the best approximation of the two helicity-dependent cross sections for the free neutron is obtained by combining the asymmetry E measured with quasi-free neutrons and the unpolarized cross section corrected for FSI effects under the assumption that the FSI effects are similar for neutrons and protons.
The target asymmetry
T
, recoil asymmetry
P
, and beam-target double polarization observable
H
were determined in exclusive
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\begin{document}$$\pi ^0$$\end{document}
π
0
and
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\begin{document}$$\eta $$\end{document}
η
photoproduction off quasi-free protons and, for the first time, off quasi-free neutrons. The experiment was performed at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn, Germany, with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS detector setup, using a linearly polarized photon beam and a transversely polarized deuterated butanol target. Effects from the Fermi motion of the nucleons within deuterium were removed by a full kinematic reconstruction of the final state invariant mass. A comparison of the data obtained on the proton and on the neutron provides new insight into the isospin structure of the electromagnetic excitation of the nucleon. Earlier measurements of polarization observables in the
\documentclass12pt{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\gamma p \rightarrow \pi ^0 p$$\end{document}
γ
p
→
π
0
p
and
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\gamma p \rightarrow \eta p$$\end{document}
γ
p
→
η
p
reactions are confirmed. The data obtained on the neutron are of particular relevance for clarifying the origin of the narrow structure in the
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\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
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\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\eta n$$\end{document}
η
n
system at
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\usepackage{wasysym}
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\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$W = 1.68\ \textrm{GeV}$$\end{document}
W
=
1.68
GeV
. A comparison with recent partial wave analyses favors the interpretation of this structure as arising from interference of the
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\begin{document}$$S_{11}(1535)$$\end{document}
S
11
(
1535
)
and
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\begin{document}$$S_{11}(1650)$$\end{document}
S
11
(
1650
)
resonances within the
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\usepackage{wasysym}
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\begin{document}$$S_{11}$$\end{document}
S
11
-partial wave.
Background
Use of the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab is sometimes complicated by ipilimumab‐associated colitis (Ipi‐AC), an immune‐mediated colitis that mimics inflammatory bowel disease.
...Objective
We sought to characterize the histopathologic and immunophenotypic features of Ipi‐AC and to directly compare these features to ulcerative colitis (UC).
Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study of 22 patients with Ipi‐AC, 12 patients with treatment‐naïve UC and five controls with diarrhoea but normal endoscopic findings. Immunohistopathologic features were described, and quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for CD4, CD8, CD20, CD138 and FOXP3.
Results
Endoscopic findings in both the Ipi‐AC and UC groups included ulcerated, oedematous and erythematous mucosa. Involvement of the GI tract was more diffuse in Ipi‐AC. As compared to UC, a smaller proportion of Ipi‐AC biopsies had basal plasmacytosis (14% for Ipi‐AC vs. 92% for UC, P < 0.0001) and crypt distortion (23% for Ipi‐AC vs. 75% for UC, P = 0.003), whereas Ipi‐AC biopsies had more apoptotic bodies in the left colon (17.6 ± 15.3 for Ipi‐AC vs. 8.2 ± 4.2 for UC, P = 0.011). Cryptitis, ulcerations and crypt abscesses were common in both groups. Biopsy specimens from Ipi‐AC had a lower density of CD20‐positive lymphocytes than UC (275.8 ± 253.3 cells mm−2 for Ipi‐AC vs. 1173.3 ± 1158.2 cells mm−2 for UC, P = 0.022) but had a similar density of CD4, CD8, CD138 and FOXP3‐positive cells.
Conclusions
Ipi‐AC is a distinct pathologic entity with notable clinical and histopathological differences compared to UC. These findings provide insights into the pathophysiology of immune‐related adverse events (iAEs) from ipilimumab therapy.
•Multiple quantum NMR spectroscopy.•Connection between the Wigner–Yanase skew information and MQ NMR coherences.•The dependence of the number of entangled spins on temperature.
A connection of the ...Wigner–Yanase skew information and multiple quantum (MQ) NMR coherences is considered at different temperatures and evolution times of nuclear spins with dipole–dipole interactions in MQ NMR experiments in solids. It is shown that the Wigner–Yanase skew information at temperature T is equal to the double second moment of the MQ NMR spectrum at the double temperature for any evolution times. A comparison of the many-spin entanglement obtained with the Wigner–Yanase information and the Fisher information is conducted.
A new experiment SPASCHARM devoted to a systematic study of polarization phenomena in hadron-hadron interactions in the energy range 10-70 GeV is under preparation at IHEP (Protvino). The physical ...observables will be single-spin asymmetries, hyperon polarizations and spin-density matrix elements. A universal setup will detect and identify various neutral and charge particles in the full azimuthal angle and a wide polar angle range. A polarized target is used to measure the SSA. The SPASCHARM sub-detectors are being designed and constructed now. The possibility of obtaining a polarized proton beam for the SPASCHARM experiment from Lambda decays is under study.
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