In recent years, the presence of a new type of agricultural-surface tillage used for the sowing of wheat and corn has been observed with increasing frequency. It illustrates less roughly ploughed ...soils, with a greater quantity of small clods distributed over the soil surface. In this paper, a new description of such rough agricultural surfaces is proposed. It is based on a composite model, including a classical surface represented by an exponential correlation function, together with a random cloddy structure. This description enables volumetric structures to be introduced over the soil's surface. A numerical moment-modeling method, based on integral equations, is used to evaluate the contribution of clods to the radar backscattering behavior of agricultural surfaces. It is found that the presence of clods explains the very small correlation lengths which are often found in cloddy agricultural fields. The classical approach, in which the surface is described by a correlation function only based on two statistical parameters, rms height and correlation length, overestimates the backscattering coefficients when compared with an approach that includes the clods. This overestimation is often observed with real radar data for such fields.
Ozone is a potentially phyto-toxic air pollutant, which can cause leaf damage and drastically alter crop yields, causing serious economic losses around the world. The VULNOZ (VULNerability to OZone ...in Anthropised Ecosystems) project is a biology and modeling project that aims to understand how plants respond to the stress of high ozone concentrations, then use a set of models to (i) predict the impact of ozone on plant growth, (ii) represent ozone deposition fluxes to vegetation, and finally (iii) estimate the economic consequences of an increasing ozone background the future.
In this work, as part of the VULNOZ project, an innovative representation of ozone deposition to vegetation was developed and implemented in the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model. This type of model calculates the average amount of ozone deposited on a parcel each hour, as well as the integrated amount of ozone deposited to the surface at the regional or country level. Our new approach was based on a refinement of the representation of crop types in the model and the use of empirical parameters specific to each crop category. The results obtained were compared with a conventional ozone deposition modeling approach, and evaluated against observations from several agricultural areas in France. They showed that a better representation of the distribution between stomatal and non-stomatal ozone fluxes was obtained in the empirical approach, and they allowed us to produce a new estimate of the total amount of ozone deposited on the subtypes of vegetation at the national level.
•A new formulation of ozone deposition to crops and trees was implemented in the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model.•This work aimed at improving the representation of the dependency of O3 deposition to plants upon environmental parameters.•Based on field data, it provides a better representation of the stomatal/non-stomatal speciation of O3 fluxes to vegetation.•This topic remains a critical issue for the assessment of the impact of air pollution on the agricultural sector.
The objective of this paper is to present the contribution of a new dielectric constant characterisation for the modelling of radar backscattering behaviour. Our analysis is based on a large number ...of radar measurements acquired during different experimental campaigns (Orgeval'94, Pays de Caux'98, 99). We propose a dielectric constant model, based on the combination of contributions from both soil and air fractions. This modelling clearly reveals the joint influence of the air and soil phases, in backscattering measurements over rough surfaces with large clods. A relationship is established between the soil fraction and soil roughness, using the Integral Equation Model (IEM), fitted to real radar data. Finally, the influence of the air fraction on the linear relationship between moisture and the backscattered radar signal is discussed.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of a backscattered signalaccording to soil moisture depth over bare soils. Analysis based on experimental verticalmoisture profiles and ...ASAR/ENVISAT measurements has been carried out. A modifiedIEM model with three permittivity layers (0-1cm, 1-2cm, 2-5cm) has been developed andused in this study. Results show a small effect of moisture profile on the backscatteredsignal (less than 0.5dB). However, measurements and simulations have provided a moredetailed insight into the behaviour of the radar signal and have shown that it was importantto consistently use the same protocol when performing ground truth measurements of soilmoisture.
La télédétection radar a déjà montré son fort potentiel dans la caractérisation des états de surface et des processus hydriques. La connaissance de ces paramètres est d'un intérêt fondamental pour ...mieux quantifier et prévoir la répartition des pluies ainsi que pour modéliser l'érosion des sols. Plusieurs modèles ont déjà été développés (empiriques, analytiques, numériques) mais présentent encore des limitations dans la compréhension du comportement du signal radar. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des améliorations dans la modélisation de la rétrodiffusion et la description des sols agricoles nus, à l'aide de mesures terrain et d'images radar SAR. Nous avons considéré un profil d'humidité en introduisant un aspect multicouche et utilisé le modèle IEM. Nous avons montré qu'une humidité constante sur les premiers centimètres de la surface ne reflète pas la réalité terrain. Nous avons ensuite pris en compte les poches d'air présentes dans la structuration du sol en redéfinissant la constante diélectrique par l'introduction d'un composé air/sol. Ces développements ont permis de contribuer à l'amélioration des résultats de la simulation, de mieux comprendre le comportement du signal radar et les variations du coefficient linéaire liant le coefficient de rétrodiffusion à l'humidité du sol. Enfin, nous avons effectué une représentation plus réaliste des sols agricoles en incluant des mottes de terre sur les profils. A partir d'un modèle de diffusion électromagnétique numérique, basé sur la méthode des moments, nous avons étudié leur influence sur le coefficient de rétrodiffusion.
The objective of this paper is to present the contribution of a new dielectric constant characterization for the modelling of radar backscattering behavior. Our analysis is based on a large number of ...radar measurements acquired during different experimental campaigns (Orgeval'94, Pays de Caux'98, 99). We propose a dielectric constant model, based on the combination of contributions from both soil and air fractions. This modelling clearly reveals the joint influence of the air and soil phases, in backscattering measurements over rough surfaces with large clods. A relationship is established between the soil fraction and soil roughness, using the Integral Equation Model (IEM), fitted to real radar data. Finally, the influence of the air fraction on the linear relationship between moisture and the backscattered radar signal is discussed.
Real-world data (RWD) related to the health status and care of cancer patients reflect the ongoing medical practice, and their analysis yields essential real-world evidence. Advanced information ...technologies are vital for their collection, qualification, and reuse in research projects.
UNICANCER, the French federation of comprehensive cancer centres, has innovated a unique research network: Consore. This potent federated tool enables the analysis of data from millions of cancer patients across eleven French hospitals.
Currently operational within eleven French cancer centres, Consore employs natural language processing to structure the therapeutic management data of approximately 1.3 million cancer patients. These data originate from their electronic medical records, encompassing about 65 million medical records. Thanks to the structured data, which are harmonized within a common data model, and its federated search tool, Consore can create patient cohorts based on patient or tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities. This ability to derive larger cohorts is particularly attractive when studying rare cancers.
Consore serves as a tremendous data mining instrument that propels French cancer centres into the big data era. With its federated technical architecture and unique shared data model, Consore facilitates compliance with regulations and acceleration of cancer research projects.
Gas has been detected in many exoplanetary systems (\(>\)10 Myr), thought to be released in the destruction of volatile-rich planetesimals orbiting in exo-Kuiper belts. In this letter, we aim to ...explore whether gas is also expected in the Kuiper belt (KB) in our Solar System. To quantify the gas release in our Solar System, we use models for gas release that have been applied to extrasolar planetary systems, as well as a physical model that accounts for gas released due to the progressive internal warming of large planetesimals. We find that only bodies larger than about 4 km can still contain CO ice after 4.6 Gyr of evolution. This finding may provide a clue as to why Jupiter-family comets, thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, are deficient in CO compared to Oort-clouds comets. We predict that gas is still produced in the KB right now at a rate of \(2 \times 10^{-8}\) M\(_\oplus\)/Myr for CO and orders of magnitude more when the Sun was younger. Once released, the gas is quickly pushed out by the Solar wind. Therefore, we predict a gas wind in our Solar System starting at the KB location and extending far beyond with regards to the heliosphere with a current total CO mass of \(\sim 2 \times 10^{-12}\) M\(_\oplus\). We also predict the existence of a slightly more massive atomic gas wind made of carbon and oxygen (neutral and ionized) with a mass of \(\sim 10^{-11}\) M\(_\oplus\). We predict that gas is currently present in our Solar System beyond the Kuiper belt and that although it cannot be detected with current instrumentation, it could be observed in the future with an in situ mission using an instrument similar to Alice on New Horizons with larger detectors. Our model of gas release due to slow heating may also work for exoplanetary systems and provide the first real physical mechanism for the gas observations.
Le numéro qui ouvre le volume 11 de la revue CORELA se caractérise par une touche anglo-saxonne et comprend, outre un article sur la syntaxe des structures symétriques en anglais, une étude des ...auxilaires de modalité dans les textes mathématiques et une analyse du schème-image du chemin, dans une perspective épistémologique. Il contient également un travail de TAL sur le résumé et le titrage automatiques.
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