Batteries mounted on electric vehicles (EVs) are often damaged by high peak power and rapid charging/discharging cycles, which are originated from repetitive acceleration/deceleration of vehicles ...particularly in urban situations. To reduce battery damage, the battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been considered as a solution because the SC can act as a buffer against large magnitudes and rapid fluctuations in power. While the traditional purpose of employing the HESS in EVs is to minimize the magnitude/variation of battery power or power loss, the previous approaches proposed for controlling the HESS have some drawbacks; they neither consider these objectives simultaneously nor reflect real-time load dynamics for computing the SC reference voltage. In this paper, we present a power control framework consisting of two stages: one for computing the SC reference voltage and another for optimizing the power flowing through the HESS. In the presented framework, we propose a methodology for calculating the SC reference voltage considering the real-time load dynamics without given future operation profiles. In addition, we formulate the HESS power control problem as a convex optimization problem that minimizes the magnitude/fluctuation of battery power and power loss at the same time. The optimization problem is formulated so that it can be repeatedly solved by general solvers in polynomial time. Simulation results carried out on MATLAB show that the magnitude/variation of battery power and power loss can be concurrently reduced in real time by the proposed framework.
Fatty acid biosynthesis 2 (FAB2) is an essential enzyme responsible for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in chloroplast membrane lipids found in leaves and triacylglycerols (TAG) in seeds. ...FAB2 functions at the junction of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid conversion in chloroplasts by converting 18:0-ACP to 18:1-ACP. In the present study, plant growth and seed phenotypes were examined in three Arabidopsis T-DNA mutants (fab2-1, fab2-2, and fab2-3). The three fab2 T-DNA mutants exhibited increased 18:0 fatty acid content in both the leaves and seeds. The degree of growth inhibition of the fab2 mutant was proportional to the increase in 18:0 and decrease in 18:3 fatty acids present in the leaves. The FAB2 mutation affected seed yield but not the seed phenotype. This result indicates that FAB2 affects the fatty acid composition of the leaf chloroplast membrane more than seed TAG. In summary, the characteristics of these three fab2 mutants provide information for studying leaf membrane lipid and seed oil biosynthesis.
The oxidative balance score (OBS) is a comprehensive pro- and anti-oxidative marker for assessing the risk of various metabolic diseases and cancers. However, it is not well established whether OBS ...is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in elderly populations. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the longitudinal effect of OBS on T2DM in a large cohort of Korean adults aged 60 years and older.
We assessed the data for 3516 participants aged 60 years and older without diabetes mellitus from the Health Examinees cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. We classified the participants into three groups according to OBS tertiles. We prospectively assessed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for new-onset T2DM using multivariable Cox proportional-hazard regression models during the mean 3.5 years following the baseline survey.
A total of 109 participants (3.1 %) developed T2DM during a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. The incidence rates per 1000 person-years were 11.73 for the lowest OBS tertile (T1), 8.19 for the second tertile (T2), and 6.23 for the highest tertile (T3). Adjusting for all confounding factors, compared with the referent T1, the HR (95 % CI) of new-onset T2DM was not significant in T2 (0.71 0.47–1.07) but was significant in T3 at (0.47 0.30–0.75) (p for trend = 0.002).
The study suggests that a OBS could serve as a valuable predictive marker for new-onset T2DM in older adults. Our study suggests that maintaining an appropriate body weight through healthy lifestyle modification has the potential to lower T2DM incidence in elderly. This implies that the OBS may be a useful tool for assessing the incidence of T2DM even in older individuals.
•The OBS is a useful marker for assessing the risk of T2DM and metabolic diseases.•No studies have been reported to confirm an association between OBS and the incidence of T2DM in older adults.•The incidence of T2DM in adults aged 60 years or older decreased with increasing OBS.•Appropriate body weight through healthy lifestyle modification has the potential to lower T2DM incidence in older adults.•OBS may be a useful tool for assessing the incidence of T2DM in elderly populations.
Research on identifiable risks for metabolic syndrome (MetS) is ongoing, and growing evidence suggests that bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and cytoprotective agent against MetS. However, there ...have been conflicting results on the association between bilirubin and MetS. Our study aimed to validate the association by separately stratifying data for men and women in a longitudinal prospective study.
Data were derived from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data from 5,185 adults aged 40-69 years (3,089 men and 2,096 women) without MetS were analyzed. The participants were divided according to sex-specific quartiles of serum total bilirubin levels and followed up biennially for 16 years (until 2018). The log-rank test was used for obtaining the Kaplan-Meier curves of cumulative incidence of MetS according to sex-specific serum total bilirubin quartiles, and the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident metabolic syndrome were analyzed with a multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis model, after propensity score matching for removing differences at baseline.
With increasing serum total bilirubin quartiles, the incidence rate per 1000 person-years proportionally decreased in both men and women. After propensity score matching and adjusting for confounding variables, the HRs (95% CIs) for MetS of the highest quartile in reference to the lowest quartile were 1.00 (0.80-1.24) for men and 0.80 (0.65-0.99) for women. Higher quartiles of serum total bilirubin showed significantly lower cumulative incidence of MetS in women (log-rank test p = 0.009), but not in men (log-rank test p = 0.285).
Serum total bilirubin levels were significantly inversely associated with MetS in women, but there was no significant association observed in men. Sex differences in the effects of serum total bilirubin should be noted when predicting incident MetS by sex in clinical settings.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) have numerous industrial applications but are absent in most vegetable oils.
accumulating 85% HFA in its seed oil makes it a valuable resource for engineering oilseed crops ...for HFA production. To discover lipid genes involved in HFA synthesis in
, transcripts from developing seeds at various stages, as well as leaf and flower buds, were sequenced. Ninety-seven percent clean reads from 552,614,582 raw reads were assembled to 129,633 contigs (or transcripts) which represented 85,948 unique genes. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that 60% of the contigs matched proteins involved in biological process, cellular component or molecular function, while the remaining matched unknown proteins. We identified 42
genes involved in fatty acid and seed oil biosynthesis, and 39 of them shared 78-100% nucleotide identity with Arabidopsis orthologs. We manually annotated 16 key genes and 14 of them contained full-length protein sequences, indicating high coverage of clean reads to the assembled contigs. A detailed profiling of the 16 genes revealed various spatial and temporal expression patterns. The further comparison of their protein sequences uncovered amino acids conserved among HFA-producing species, but these varied among non-HFA-producing species. Our findings provide essential information for basic and applied research on HFA biosynthesis.
•Seven castor lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase genes are active enzymes.•Castor lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase genes are expressed in various organs.•Castor lysophosphatidic acid ...acyltransferases function distinctly and redundantly.•Three castor lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases acylate hydroxy fatty acids.•New lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase genes are candidates for bioengineering.
Determining the role of castor lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (RcLPATs) provides information that aid in understanding the biosynthesis mechanism of castor oil (triacylglycerols, TAG), which contains 90 % ricinoleic acid (18:1OH), a hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) with numerous industrial applications. The entire family of seven RcLPATs was shown to encode functional enzymes using in vitro assays. Gene expression analysis suggested that RcLPATs play roles in various vegetative and reproductive organs by associating with membrane lipid and TAG biosynthesis. To identify isoforms of RcLPATs capable of acylating 18:1OH, individual RcLPATs were expressed in CL37, an Arabidopsis line containing approximately 17 % HFA in seed TAG. Transgenics expressing RcLPAT2, RcLPAT3B, or RcLPATB increased total HFA to 18.2 %–20.3 %. Furthermore, different accumulation levels of 18:1OH and densipolic acid (18:2OH) were detected among these three transgenic backgrounds. The mechanisms of substrate selectivity among RcLPAT2, RcLPAT3B, and RcLPATB are discussed.
Triacylglycerol (TAG), an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (FAs), is synthesized during seed development and controlled by transcriptional regulation. We examined the mechanism ...regulating the FA composition of developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. The seed‐specific DC3 PROMOTER‐BINDING FACTOR2 (DPBF2) transcription factor was upregulated by LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2). DPBF2 showed transcriptional activity in yeast and localized to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplast cells. The Arabidopsis dpbf2‐1 homozygous T‐DNA mutant and transgenic lines overexpressing of DPBF2 using a seed‐specific phaseolin promoter in wild‐type (WT) Arabidopsis and in dpbf2‐1 showed similar FA composition profiles in their seeds. Their 18:2 and 20:1 FA contents were higher, but 18:1 and 18:3 contents were lower than that of WT. Transcript levels of FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2), FAD3, LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (LPCAT1), LPCAT2, PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE DIACYLGLYCEROL CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE (PDCT), and FATTY ACID ELONGASE 1 (FAE1) are increased in DPBF2‐overexpressing seeds. Besides, PDCT and FAE1 were upregulated by DPBF2, LEC1‐LIKE (L1L), and NUCLEAR FACTOR‐YC2 (NF‐YC2) transcriptional complex based on tobacco protoplast transcriptional activation assay. These results suggest that DPBF2 effectively modulates the expression of genes encoding FA desaturases, elongase, and acyl‐editing enzymes for modifying the unsaturated FA composition in seeds.
The oxidative balance score (OBS) is a novel composite of pro- and anti-oxidative markers for assessing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, it ...has not yet been established whether the OBS is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in a population without NALFD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal effect of the OBS on T2DM in a large cohort of Korean adults without NALFD. Data were assessed from 9798 participants without NALFD from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Health Examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohort. The participants were divided into three groups according to OBS tertiles, identified as T1-T3. We prospectively assessed the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for new-onset T2DM using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models over 6 years following the baseline survey. During the mean 3.5 years of follow-up, 145 individuals (1.48%; 56 men and 89 women) developed T2DM. The HRs of T2DM for the OBS tertiles were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.53-1.18) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.39-0.93) in the T2 and T3 groups after adjusting for metabolic parameters in subjects without NALFD, respectively; however, the T2 group did not show statistical significance toward a decrease in incident T2DM. A low OBS may be a useful predictive marker in new-onset T2DM for middle-aged and older subjects without NALFD. This implies that the OBS could be an additional valuable tool for assessing the incidence of T2DM among individuals without NAFLD.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert both positive and negative effects on plant growth and development and therefore receive a great deal of attention in current research. A hot pepper, Capsicum ...annuum receptor‐like kinase 1 (CaRLK1) was ectopically expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY‐2 cell and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. This ectopic expression of CaRLK1 enhanced cell division and proliferation in both heterologous systems. Apparently, CaRLK1 is involved in controlling the cell cycle, possibly by inducing expressions of cyclin B1, cyclin D3, cyclin‐dependent protein kinase 3, condensin complex subunit 2 and anaphase‐promoting complex subunit 11 genes. CaRLK1 overexpression also increased transcript accumulation of NADPH oxidase genes, generation of O2− and catalase (CAT) activity/protein levels. In parallel, it decreased cellular H2O2 levels and cell size. Treatment with Tiron or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) both decreased the cell division rate and O2− concentrations, but increased cellular H2O2 levels. Tobacco BY‐2 cells overexpressing CaRLK1 were more sensitive to amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (3‐AT), a CAT inhibitor, than control cells, suggesting that the increased H2O2 levels may not function as a signal for cell division and proliferation. Overexpression of CaRLK1 stimulated progression of the cell cycle from G0/G1 phase into the S phase. It is concluded that the CaRLK1 protein plays a pivotal role in controlling the level of O2− as signaling molecule which promotes cell division, concomitant with a reduction in H2O2 by the induction of CAT activity/protein.
Triacylglycerols (TAGs), a major lipid form of energy storage, are involved in a variety of plant developmental processes. While carbon reserves mainly accumulate in seeds, significant amounts of TAG ...have also been observed in vegetative tissues. Notably, the accumulation of leaf TAGs is influenced by environmental stresses such as drought stress, although underlying molecular networks remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that the R2R3-type MYB96 transcription factor promotes TAG biosynthesis in
seedlings. Core TAG biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in
seedlings, but down-regulated in
deficient seedlings. In particular, ABA stimulates TAG accumulation in the vegetative tissues, and MYB96 plays a fundamental role in this process. Considering that TAG accumulation contributes to plant tolerance to drought stress, MYB96-dependent TAG biosynthesis not only triggers plant adaptive responses but also optimizes energy metabolism to ensure plant fitness under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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