Brazil introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) in 2006. This study aimed to assess the epidemiology and genotype distribution of species-A rotavirus (RVA) in Brazil, comparing the pre- ...and post-vaccination periods.
Laboratory-based RVA surveillance included 866 municipalities in 22 Brazilian states, over a 21-year period. A total of 16,185 children with diarrheal diseases (DD) aged up to 12 years between 1996 and 2005 (pre-vaccination period, n = 7030) and from 2006 to 2017 (post-vaccination period, n = 9155) were enrolled. RVA was detected using ELISA immune assay and/or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and genotyped using nested PCR and/or nucleotide sequencing. RVA-positivity and genotypes detection rates were compared in distinct periods and age groups and Rotarix vaccination status.
RVA-positivity in pre- and post-vaccination periods was, respectively: 4-11 months bracket, 33.3% (668/2006) and 16.3% (415/2547) (p < 0.001); 12-24 months, 28.2% (607/2154) and 22.2% (680/3068) (p < 0.001); 25-48 months, 17.4% (215/1235) and 29.4% (505/1720) (p < 0.001). Genotypes distribution in the pre- and post-vaccination periods was, respectively: G1P 8/G1PNot Typed, 417/855 (48.8%) and 118/1835 (6.4%) (p < 0.001); G2P 4/G2PNT, 47/855 (5.5%) and 838/1835 (45.7%) (p < 0.001); G3P 8/G3PNT, 55/855 (6.4%) and 253/1835 (13.8%) (p < 0.001); G9P 8/G9PNT, 238/855 (27.8%) and 152/1835 (8.3%) (p < 0.001); G12P 8/G129PNT, 0/871 (0%) and 249/1835(13.6%) (p < 0.001). Concerning infants aged 4-11 months, RVA frequency in fully vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals was 11.9% (125/1052) and 24.5% (58/237) (p < 0.001), respectively. In children aged 12-24 months, RVA detection rate was 18.1% (253/1395) and 29.6% (77/260) (p < 0.001), for the vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals, respectively (p < 0.001).
RVA infection was significantly less frequent in children aged ≤2 years with DD after implementing vaccination, mainly among vaccinated children. It was also observed a decrease of P 8 circulation and emergence of G2P4 in 2005, and afterwards in the post-vaccine era, with spreading of G12P8 in 2014-2015 and of G3P8 in 2017. Continuous RVA surveillance must be carried out in this scenario.
Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the most common agents of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The goal of this study was to compare two different methods to concentrate RV-A from sewage ...samples and to improve the detection and quantification of RV-A using a multiplex quantitative PCR assay with an internal control. Both RV-A and the internal control virus, bacteriophage PP7, were seeded into wastewater and then concentrated using either an ultrafiltration-based adsorption-elution protocol or an ultracentrifugation-based protocol. Real time multiplex quantitative PCR was used to quantify the purified RV-A and PP7, and the results of the multiplex assay were compared with the results of the monoplex assays. The ultracentrifugation-based method had a mean recovery rate of 47% (range: 34–60%), while the ultrafiltration-based adsorption-elution method had a mean recovery rate of 3.5% (range: 1.5–5.5%). These results demonstrate that ultracentrifugation is a more appropriate method for recovering RV-A from wastewater. This method together with the multiplex qPCR assay may be suitable for routine laboratory use.
To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed ...involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarumã-Açu, São Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8%), human astrovirus (15.4%), and norovirus (5.8%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.
Viability of human adenovirus from hospital fomites Ganime, Ana Carolina; Carvalho-Costa, Filipe A.; Santos, Marisa ...
Journal of medical virology,
December 2014, Letnik:
86, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Rotavirus A and human adenovirus dissemination were demonstrated both in a pediatric ward and in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the same pediatric hospital. Virus detection from fomites ...samples were higher in the pediatric ward (42.3% 137 out of 324) than in the NICU (4.5% 7 out of 156), revealing that cleaning processes used in our NICU are effective in reducing viral contamination, suggesting human adenovirus as a potential biomarker of contamination of hospital fomites.
Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is an etiologic agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of a series of synthetic Mannich bases derived ...from lawsone and to investigate at which stage of the BoHV-5 replicative cycle the compounds might be acting. The most potent and selective inhibitor exhibited CC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values of 1867 μM ± 8.3 and 3.8 μM ± 1.2, respectively (ACV: 989 μM ± 2 and 166 μM ± 2, respectively).
Background. The etiology of acute watery diarrhea remains poorly characterized, particularly after rotavirus vaccine introduction. Methods. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction for ...multiple enteropathogens on 878 acute watery diarrheal stools sampled from 14 643 episodes captured by surveillance of children <5 years of age during 2013–2014 from 16 countries. We used previously developed models of the association between pathogen quantity and diarrhea to calculate pathogen-specific weighted attributable fractions (AFs). Results. Rotavirus remained the leading etiology (overall weighted AF, 40.3% 95% confidence interval {CI}, 37.6%–44.3%), though the AF was substantially lower in the Americas (AF, 12.2 95% CI, 8.9–15.6), based on samples from a country with universal rotavirus vaccination. Norovirus GII (AF, 6.2 95% CI, 2.8–9.2), Cryptosporidium (AF, 5.8 95% CI, 4.0–7.6), Shigella (AF, 4.7 95% CI, 2.8–6.9), heat-stable enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC) (AF, 4.2 95% CI, 2.0–6.1), and adenovirus 40/41 (AF, 4.2 95% CI, 2.9–5.5) were also important. In the Africa Region, the rotavirus AF declined from 54.8% (95% CI, 48.3%–61.5%) in rotavirus vaccine age-ineligible children to 20.0% (95% CI, 12.4%–30.4%) in age-eligible children. Conclusions. Rotavirus remained the leading etiology of acute watery diarrhea despite a clear impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction. Norovirus GII, Cryptosporidium, Shigella, ST-ETEC, and adenovirus 40/41 were also important. Prospective surveillance can help identify priorities for further reducing the burden of diarrhea.
Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is an important etiologic agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle and has been frequently identified in outbreaks of neurological disease in bovine in the southern ...hemisphere including Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect and the antiviral properties of extracts obtained from Plocamium brasiliense (Greville) Howe and Taylor in BoHV-5 RJ42/01 replication. The cytotoxic effects were measured in Madin-Darbin bovine kidney cells (MDBK) and cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) values have been determined for acyclovir (ACV) (223 μg ± 2.0), ethyl acetate extract from P. brasiliense (2,109 μg ± 10), hexane extract from P. brasiliense (7.181 μg ± 5), dichloromethane extract from P. brasiliense (2.356 μg ± 6.5), and hydroalcoholic extract from P. brasiliense (1.408 μg ± 5.8). As a first approach to characterize the action of these extracts on BoHV-5 RJ42/01, a virucidal assay activity was performed. A virus suspension containing 1 × 10⁵ plaque-forming units (PFU) of the BoHV-5 RJ42/01 was mixed with 600 μg of extract and acyclovir and kept at room temperature (24 °C) for 3 h. Meanwhile, a control of untreated infected virus was performed in the same conditions. Then, treated virus suspension and untreated control were diluted, and percentage of inhibition of infectivity was determined by plaque assay: ethyl acetate extract (99 %), hexane extract (90 %), dichloromethane extract (99 %), and hydroalcoholic extract (27 %). Acyclovir had a slight virucidal activity on viral particle. The inhibition of attachment was performed in MDBK cells inoculated with 100 PFU of BoHV-5 RJ42/01 in the presence or absence of various concentrations of extracts (0.3, 0.9, and 1.5 μg mL⁻¹). Acyclovir was also assayed at 2.8 and 11.25 μg mL⁻¹. The inhibition of adsorption was also tested in MDBK cells treated with the same concentrations of the extracts before virus inoculation. Results: hexane extracts inhibited virus attachment in pre-treated cell 0.9 μg (55 %) and 1.5 μg (71 %) and untreated MDBK cell only with 1.5 μg (63 %). Ethyl acetate extract on cell pre-treated with 0.3 μg (67 %), 0.9 μg (81 %), and 1.5 μg (91 %). Ethyl acetate extract on pre-treated cell 0.3 μg (67 %), 0.9 μg (81 %), and 1.5 (91 %) but discrete inhibition on cell untreated. Dichloromethane extract and acyclovir slightly inhibited virus binding on MDBK cell.
A newly GII.17 Kawazaki_2014 variant strain was detected recently in Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis reveals at least four independent introduction events of this lineage into this country that took ...place throughout 2014, coinciding with FIFA World Cup in Brazil, 2014, and Hong Kong has been identified as the most likely source of introduction. This variant emerged in Asia causing outbreaks and replacing prevalent GII.4. Emergence of GII.P17/GII.17 variant emphasizes the need for active laboratory surveillance for NoV including molecular epidemiology and studies on virus evolution.
•Detection of newly NoV variant GII.17 in Brazilian samples of acute gastroenteritis.•Phylogenetics show this variant can be introduced during a large touristic event.•Hong Kong was pointed as the most probable source of GII.17 in Brazil.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immunotherapy improved survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Disparities in treatment access are present in healthcare systems globally. The aim of ...this study was to analyze survival outcomes of mRCC patients treated with first-line TKIs in the public (PHS) and private (PrS) health system in a Brazilian Cancer Center.
Records from all mRCC patients treated with first-line TKIs from 2007-2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Categorial variables were compared by Fisher's exact test. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Maier method and survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were adjusted by Cox regression model.
Of the 171 eligible patients, 37 (21.6%) were PHS patients and 134 (78.4%) were PrS patients. There were no difference in age, gender, or sites of metastasis. PHS patients had worse performance status (ECOG ≥2, 35.1% vs. 13.5%, p=0.007), poorer risk score (IMDC poor risk, 32.4% vs. 16.4%, p=0.09), and less nephrectomies (73% vs. 92.5%, p=0.003) than PrS patients. Median lines of therapy was one for PHS versus two for PrS patients (p=0.03). Median overall survival (OS) was 16.5 versus 26.5 months (p=0.002) and progression-free survival (PFS), 8.4 versus 11 months (p=0.01) for PHS and PrS patients, respectively. After adjusting for known prognostic factors on multivariate analysis, PHS patients still had a higher risk of death (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01-2.56, p=0.047).
Patients with mRCC treated via the PHS had worse overall survival, possibly due to poorer prognosis at presentation and less drug access.
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