Scope
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS) development, which has a different incidence between men (M) and women (W). The differences in gut microbiota in MetS ...patients are explored according to gender, and whether consuming two healthy diets, Mediterranean (MED) and low‐fat (LF), may, over time, differentially shape the gut microbiota dysbiosis according to gender is evaluated.
Materials and Methods
All the women from the CORDIOPREV study whose feces samples were available and a similar number of men, matched by the main metabolic variables (N = 246, 123 women and 123 men), and categorized according to the presence or not of MetS are included. Gut microbiota is analyzed at baseline and after 3 years of dietary intervention.
Results
Higher abundance of Collinsella, Alistipes, Anaerotruncus, and Phascolarctobacterium genera is observed in MetS‐W than in MetS‐M, whereas the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Prevotella genera is higher in MetS‐M than in MetS‐W. Moreover, higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Roseburia, and Holdemania are observed in men than in women after the consumption of the LF diet.
Conclusion
The results suggest the potential involvement of differences in gut microbiota in the unequal incidence of metabolic diseases between genders, and a sex‐dependent effect on shaping the gut microbiota according to diet.
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is involved in the development of metabolic syndrome, whose incidence is different between men and women. This work provides evidence of a different gut microbiota composition in metabolic syndrome, according to gender. Moreover, the study shows a differential shaping of the gut microbiota according to the gender in metabolic syndrome patients after the consumption of a Mediterranean or a low‐fat diet for three years.
Scope
The differences between the baseline gut microbiota of patients who developed type 2 diabetes (T2D) consuming a low‐fat (LF) or a Mediterranean (Med) diet are explored and risk scores are ...developed to predict the individual risk of developing T2D associated with the consumption of LF or Med diet.
Methods and Results
All the patients from the CORDIOPREV study without T2D at baseline (n = 462) whose fecal sample are available, are included. Gut microbiota is analyzed by 16S sequencing and the risk of T2D after a median follow‐up of 60 months assessed by Cox analysis. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis shows a different baseline gut microbiota in patients who developed T2D consuming LF and Med diets. A higher abundance of Paraprevotella, and lower Gammaproteobacteria and B. uniformis are associated with T2D risk when an LF diet is consumed. In contrast, higher abundances of Saccharibacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Prevotella are associated with T2D risk when a Med diet is consumed.
Conclusion
The results suggest that different interactions between the microbiome and dietary patterns may partially determine the risk of T2D development, which may be used for selecting personalized dietary models to prevent T2D.
Gut microbiome may play a role in the different responses to dietary interventions. The results suggest that different interactions between the microbiome and dietary patterns may partially determine the risk of type 2 diabetes development according to the diet who is going to be consumed, which may be used for selecting personalized dietary models to prevent type 2 diabetes.
Lifestyle and diet affect cardiovascular risk, although there is currently no consensus about the best dietary model for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The CORDIOPREV study ...(Coronary Diet Intervention With Olive Oil and Cardiovascular Prevention) is an ongoing prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in 1002 coronary heart disease patients, whose primary objective is to compare the effect of 2 healthy dietary patterns (low-fat rich in complex carbohydrates versus Mediterranean diet rich in extra virgin olive oil) on the incidence of cardiovascular events. Here, we report the results of one secondary outcome of the CORDIOPREV study. Thus, to evaluate the efficacy of these diets in reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Intima-media thickness of both common carotid arteries (IMT-CC) was ultrasonically assessed bilaterally. IMT-CC is a validated surrogate for the status and future cardiovascular disease risk.
From the total participants, 939 completed IMT-CC evaluation at baseline and were randomized to follow a Mediterranean diet (35% fat, 22% monounsaturated fatty acids, <50% carbohydrates) or a low-fat diet (28% fat, 12% monounsaturated fatty acids, >55% carbohydrates) with IMT-CC measurements at 5 and 7 years. We also analyzed the carotid plaque number and height.
The Mediterranean diet decreased IMT-CC at 5 years (−0.027±0.008 mm; P<0.001), maintained at 7 years (−0.031±0.008 mm; P<0.001), compared to baseline. The low-fat diet did not modify IMT-CC. IMT-CC and carotid plaquemax height were higher decreased after the Mediterranean diet, compared to the low-fat diet, throughout follow-up. Baseline IMT-CC had the strongest association with the changes in IMT-CC after the dietary intervention.
Long-term consumption of a Mediterranean diet rich in extravirgin olive oil, if compared to a low-fat diet, was associated with decreased atherosclerosis progression, as shown by reduced IMT-CC and carotid plaque height. These findings reinforce the clinical benefits of the Mediterranean diet in the context of secondary cardiovascular prevention.
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00924937.
Background
We try to explore whether long‐term consumption of two healthy dietary patterns (low‐fat LF diet or Mediterranean diet MedDiet) interacts with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) single‐nucleotide ...polymorphisms (SNPs: rs439401, rs440446 and rs7412) modulating postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (ppHTG) in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.
Methods and results
We selected patients from the CORDIOPREV study with genotyping and who underwent an oral fat load test (FLT) at baseline and after 3 years follow‐up (n = 506). After 3 years of follow‐up, we found a gene‐diet interaction between the APOE rs439401 SNP and MedDiet. Specifically, T‐allele carriers in the MedDiet group showed a more significant decrease in postprandial triglycerides (TG: P = 0.03) and large triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins (TRLs) TG (large TRLs TG; P = 0.01) compared with CC subjects. Consistently, the area under the curve of TG (AUC‐TG; P‐interaction = 0.03) and AUC‐large TRLs TG (P‐interaction = 0.02) were significantly lower in T‐allele carriers compared with CC subjects.
Conclusions
The long‐term consumption of a MedDiet modulates ppHTG through APOE genetic variants in CHD patients. This gene‐diet interaction may contribute to a more precise dietary advice in CHD patients.
Diabetes (T2DM) is a major global health issue, and developing new approaches to its prevention is of paramount importance. We hypothesized that abnormalities in lipid metabolism are involved in ...alpha-cell deregulation. We therefore studied the metabolic factors underlying alpha-cell dysfunction in T2DM progression after a dietary intervention (Mediterranean and low-fat). Additionally, we evaluated whether postprandial glucagon levels may be considered as a predictive factor of T2DM in cardiovascular patients. Non-T2DM participants from the CORDIOPREV study were categorized by tertiles of the area under the curve (AUC) for triacylglycerols and also by tertiles of AUC for glucagon. Our results showed that patients with higher triacylglycerols levels presented elevated postprandial glucagon (P = 0.009). Moreover, we observed higher risk of T2DM (hazard ratio: 2.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.56–4.53) in subjects with elevated glucagon. In conclusion, high postprandial lipemia may induce alpha-cell dysfunction in cardiovascular patients. Our results also showed that postprandial glucagon levels could be used to predict T2DM development.
Recent evidence suggests that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PPT) is associated with the incidence of CVD. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, gender) and lifestyle factors (physical ...activity, smoking, regular alcohol) have shown their ability to modulate PPT. We evaluate the influence of regular alcohol intake, physical activity and smoking habit modulating PPT in the CORDIOPREV study (NCT00924937).
1002 patients were subject to an oral fat load test meal and serial blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h during postprandial state. A PPT concentration above 2.5 mmol/L (220 mg/dL) at any time point has been established as a detrimental response. Alcohol consumption was defined as non-drinkers, moderate and severe intake; regular physical activity exceeding than or lower than 1000 MET/week; smoking habit was classified in current, never, recent ex-smokers and long-term ex-smokers.
The prevalence of undesirable PPT response was 68% in current, 58% in recent ex-smokers, 49% in long-term ex-smokers and 48% in never smokers (p < 0.001). Current and recent ex-smokers displayed higher PPT response as well as a greater area under the curve (AUC) and higher incremental (iAUC) of triglycerides (TG) compared with long-term ex-smokers and never smokers (p < 0.05), without differences among these subgroups. No differences were observed in the magnitude of PPT according to regular physical activity or alcohol intake habits.
Smoking is an independent risk factor modulating the magnitude of PPT. However, after tobacco cessation, ex-smokers show a progressive decrease on their PPT to reach levels similar to those of never smokers.
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•We studied the influence of regular alcohol intake, physical activity and smoking habit modulating PPT in the CORDIOPREV study.•PPT and the prevalence of undesirable response was evaluate in each subgroups. We assessed the main determinants risk factors in the presence of undesirable response.•Smoking is an independent risk factor modulating the magnitude of PPT.•After tobacco cessation, in long-term ex-smokers, PPT progressively decreases to similar magnitude to never smokers.•No differences observed in the magnitude of PPT according to regular physical activity or alcohol intake habits.
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a key role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Likewise, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major CVD risk factor. Therefore, our ...objective was to explore whether long-term consumption of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) rich in olive oil or a low-fat diet (LF diet) was associated with an improvement in ED and whether the potential benefits were similar in patients with or without T2D in the CORDIOPREV clinical trial (NCT00924937).
Endothelial function was measured in 805 participants who had completed follow-up ultrasound image studies, using ultrasonography of brachial artery to calculate flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD) before and after 1.5 years of intervention with a MedDiet 35% of calories from fat (22% monounsaturated) and 50% from carbohydrates and LF diet 28% fat (12% monounsaturated) and 55% of calories from carbohydrates. We categorized participants as patients with T2D, prediabetes, and without T2D according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria.
MedDiet increased FMD in patients with T2D 5.2 ± 0.4 at 1.5 years vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 at baseline; p=0.04 and prediabetes 4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4; p=0.04 and induced an improvement in FMD compared to LF diet in patients with diabetes 5.2 ± 0.4 (MedDiet) vs.3.7 ± 0.4 (LF diet); p=0.01; whereas both diets maintained FMD stable in patients without diabetes.
Habitual consumption of a MedDiet rich in extra virgin olive oil improves endothelial function in patients with prediabetes and diabetes. This takes great importance given that diet must be the cornerstone of treatment of patients with diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.
•Long-term consumption of a MedDiet improves endothelial function in patients with prediabetes and diabetes.•MedDiet is associated with an improvement of endothelial function compared to LF diet in patients with diabetes.•Our findings advocate use of the MedDiet in patients with prediabetes and diabetes to prevent cardio-metabolic complications.
Purpose
Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern positively influences clinical outcomes in cardiovascular prevention, but long-term adherence is difficult to maintain. We evaluated 5-year changes in ...dietary habits, adherence achieved, and its maintenance in a cohort of coronary patients from the CORDIOPREV study.
Methods
1002 coronary patients were randomized to a Mediterranean diet (
n
= 502) or a low-fat diet (
n
= 500) and received individual-group-telephone visits and personalized dietary advice. A validated food-frequency questionnaire, a 14-point Mediterranean diet adherence screener, and a 9-point low-fat diet adherence score were used. Dietary adherence was categorized into
Low
,
Medium
, and
High Adherence
. Changes in nutrient intake, food consumption, and adherence were analyzed on a yearly basis. The maintenance of long-term dietary adherence was evaluated using data after the first year and fifth year.
Results
From baseline to 5 years, significant increases were observed in overall dietary adherence (Mediterranean diet from 8.9 to 11.4; low-fat diet from 3.9 to 7.1) and in the percentage of patients considered
High Adherence
(Mediterranean diet from 41 to 89%; low-fat diet from 4 to 67%). When we evaluated the maintenance of adherence, patients considered
Low
and
Medium Adherence
at 1 year increased their adherence at the 5 years with both diets and patients considered
High Adherence
maintained their adherence with a Mediterranean diet, but decreased their adherence with a low-fat diet.
Conclusions
A comprehensive dietary intervention results in an overall long-term improvement and maintenance of adherence to the Mediterranean and low-fat diets. In our population, the Mediterranean diet group achieved a high level of adherence in the short term which was maintained in the long term.
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) attrition has been associated with age-related diseases. Telomerase RNA Component (TERC) genetic variants have been associated with LTL; whereas fatty acids (FAs) can ...interact with genetic factors and influence in aging. We explore whether variability at the TERC gene locus interacts with FA profile and two healthy diets (low-fat diet vs Mediterranean diet MedDiet) modulating LTL, glucose metabolism, and inflammation status in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.
Inflammation status (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein hsCRP, glucose metabolism-glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA-IR), LTL, FAs, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TERC gene (rs12696304, rs16847897, and rs3772190) were determined in 1,002 patients from the CORDIOPREV study (NCT00924937).
We report an interaction of the TERC rs12696304 SNP with monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) affecting LTL (p interaction = .01) and hsCRP (p interaction = .03). Among individuals with MUFA levels above the median, CC individuals showed higher LTL and lower hsCRP than G-allele carriers. Moreover, MedDiet interacted with TERC rs12696304 SNP (p interaction = .03). Specifically, CC individuals displayed a greater decrease in hsCRP than G-allele carriers. These results were not adjusted for multiple statistical testing and p less than .05 was considered significant.
Our findings suggest that the TERC rs12696304 SNP interacts with MUFA improving inflammation status and telomere attrition related with CHD. Moreover, the MedDiet intervention improves the inflammatory profile in CC individuals compared with the G-allele carriers. These interactions could provide a right strategy for personalized nutrition in CHD patients.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of genes associated with the development of diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the use of miRNAs to predict T2DM remission has ...been poorly studied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether circulating miRNAs could be used to predict the probability of T2DM remission in patients with coronary heart disease. We included the newly diagnosed T2DM (n = 190) of the 1,002 patients from the CORDIOPREV study. Seventy-three patients reverted from T2DM after 5 years of dietary intervention with a low-fat or Mediterranean diet. Plasma levels of 56 miRNAs were measured by OpenArray. Generalized linear model, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), Cox regression, and pathway analyses were performed. ROC analysis based on clinical variables showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.66. After a linear regression analysis, seven miRNAs were identified as the most important variables in the group’s differentiation. The addition of these miRNAs to clinical variables showed an AUC of 0.79. Cox regression analysis using a T2DM remission score including miRNAs showed that high-score patients have a higher probability of T2DM remission (hazard ratio HRlow versus high, 4.44). Finally, 26 genes involved in 10 pathways were related to the miRNAs. We have identified miRNAs (hsa-let-7b, hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-130b-3p, hsa-miR-27a, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-375, and hsa-miR-486) that contribute to the prediction of T2DM remission in patients with coronary heart disease.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most important health problems worldwide, but this disease may revert by the consumption of healthy diets. Our work suggests the use of seven genetic factors (microRNAs) to predict the probability of T2DM remission in patients with coronary heart disease.
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