We numerically emulate noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices and determine the minimal hardware requirements for two-site hybrid quantum-classical dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). We ...develop a circuit recompilation algorithm which significantly reduces the number of quantum gates of the DMFT algorithm and find that the quantum-classical algorithm converges if the two-qubit gate fidelities are larger than 99%. The converged results agree with the exact solution within 10%, and perfect agreement within noise-induced error margins can be obtained for two-qubit gate fidelities exceeding 99.9%. By comparison, the quantum-classical algorithm without circuit recompilation requires a two-qubit gate fidelity of at least 99.999% to achieve perfect agreement with the exact solution. We thus find quantum-classical DMFT calculations can be run on the next generation of NISQ devices if combined with the recompilation techniques developed in this work.
Exciton pulses transport excitation and entanglement adiabatically through Rydberg aggregates, assemblies of highly excited light atoms, which are set into directed motion by resonant dipole-dipole ...interaction. Here, we demonstrate the coherent splitting of such pulses as well as the spatial segregation of electronic excitation and atomic motion. Both mechanisms exploit local nonadiabatic effects at a conical intersection, turning them from a decoherence source into an asset. The intersection provides a sensitive knob controlling the propagation direction and coherence properties of exciton pulses. The fundamental ideas discussed here have general implications for excitons on a dynamic network.
Ellipso-height-topometry, EHT, as introduced by Leonhardt, et al. Interferometry for ellipso-height-topometry, part 1, Optik 113 (2003) 513-519; Topometry for locally changing materials, Opt. Lett. ...23 (1998) 1772-1774; Ellipso-height topometry, Optik 112 (2001) 413-420 is an extended topometry where topographies of the surface height H(x,y), the ellipsometric parameters Psi(x,y) and Delta (x,y) (and optionally the intensity distribution I(x,y)) of the surface are measured on the same pixel raster and with high resolution. Thus, we can dispose over a set of (mutually coherent) topographies, and further topographies of quantities of interest can be calculated from this set: the local change in the complex refractive index N(x,y)=n(x,y)-k(x,y)i of bulk surfaces, the thickness distribution t(x,y) of locally changing (discontinuous) films and overlayers, and a correction of the optically measured local height H(x,y). The height error Delta H(x,y) can be calculated from the ellipsometric data and the true height h(x,y)=H(x,y)- Delta H(x,y) is thus obtained. Delta H(x,y) can assume large values when overlayers of oxidations or residues from lubrication oil or from processing are present. Much more information about the surface is gained with this concept. In part 1 of this work a z-scanning interferometric scheme with oblique incidence over the entire object field has been introduced, with the advantages of white-light interferometry, but with the additional capability of measuring material information to supply a complete set of topographies for extended topometry. In addition, very useful coherence properties for interferometry with oblique incidence were presented and discussed which allow to shape the interferogram in a simple way without any additional devices. In this part we derive the theory of the ellipsometric measurement and present first results by complete sets of two different samples.
We demonstrate a reliable microfabrication process for a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurement tool. Integrated cone-shaped sensors with ...boron doped diamond (BDD) or gold (Au) electrodes were fabricated from commercially available AFM probes. The sensor formation process is based on mature semiconductor processing techniques, including focused ion beam (FIB) machining, and highly selective reactive ion etching (RIE). The fabrication approach preserves the geometry of the original AFM tips resulting in well reproducible nanoscaled sensors. The feasibility and functionality of the fully featured tips are demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry, showing good agreement between the measured and calculated currents of the cone-shaped AFM-SECM electrodes.
Human activities catalyse risk avoidance behaviours in wildlife across taxa and systems. However, the broader ecological significance of human‐induced risk perception remains unclear, with a limited ...understanding of how phenotypic responses scale up to affect population or community dynamics. We present a framework informed by predator–prey ecology to predict the occurrence of non‐consumptive effects (NCE) and trait‐mediated indirect effects (TMIE) of anthropogenic disturbances. We report evidence from a comprehensive review of the different types of human‐induced behavioural and physiological phenotypic changes and their influence on vital rates and population parameters in wildlife. Evidence for human‐induced NCEs and TMIEs is mixed, with half of published studies finding a relationship between human activities, phenotypic change and population outcomes. The net effects of anthropogenic NCEs and TMIEs depend on the mismatch between the phenotypic response and the lethality of human activity. However, strong research biases in taxa, systems, human disturbance types and demographic measures prevent unified inference about the prevalence of population responses to human activities. Coexistence with and conservation of wildlife requires additional research linking human‐induced phenotypic change to population and community outcomes.
Demographic costs of behavioural and physiological responses to human activities are often inferred yet rarely tested. Existing literature on such effects is highly biased and limited. Future work in this area should draw from predator–prey theory and can inform conservation and management of wildlife.
Conventional topometry evaluation procedures applied to surfaces with locally changing materials or layer structures can result in significant errors in the topometric heights. A new theoretical ...approach, developed for two-beam interferometry in part 1, is now applied to fringe projection topometry, where the oblique incidence of two or three partial plane-wave components has to be considered. Important effects of contrast and phase are presented and applied to some surface structures, and errors in the measured surface height are calculated.
Ellipso-Height-Topometry, EHT, is an extended optical topometry, where both the topographies of the surface height H(x,y) and the ellipsometric local parameters Ψ(x,y) and Δ(x,y) of surfaces with ...locally changing materials are measured on the same pixel raster with high resolution and using the same data sets. Further quantities can be calculated from these measurements on the base of locally confined surface models: the local refractive index, the thickness t(x,y) of overlayers or films, or other parameters of layered systems.
In part 1 of this work a z-scanning interferometric scheme with oblique incidence over the entire object field and very useful coherence properties for practical coherence-scanning have been introduced.
In part 2, the theory of the ellipsometric parameter acquisition in this interferometer has been developed for isotropic surfaces and the theory for the local segmentation of different materials or such materials covered with films was introduced. The results were verified by two sets of topographies for two different kinds of objects: a grid of gold strips on a substrate of quartz glass and an engine cylinder surface featuring silicon crystals in an aluminium matrix.
In this part we deal with the aspect error of the measured profile due to an oblique incidence of the light and the dispersion of the ellipsometric parameters due to the surface roughness and its reduction. The new results are verified by two EHT-sets of topographies for a cast iron surface with graphite laminas.
To conduct an exploratory study to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost benefit of universal versus targeted screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to prevent ...hospital-acquired MRSA infections.
Prospective, interventional study, using a case-control design, difference-in-differences, and cost-benefit analyses.
Two community hospitals in Wisconsin.
Consecutive sample of 15,049 adult admissions from April 2009 to July 2010.
MRSA surveillance performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on samples collected from all adult patients (aged over 18 years) within 30 days before or upon an admission to the hospital. During a 9-month baseline period, targeted screening was conducted at both hospitals. During the 5-month intervention period, all patients admitted to the intervention hospital were screened for MRSA. Infection control measures were consistent at both hospitals.
Universal screening was associated with an increase in admission screening of 43.58 percentage points (P< .01), an increase in MRSA detection of 2.95 percentage points (P< .01), and a small, nonsignificant decline in hospital-acquired MRSA infections of 0.12 percentage points (P< .01). The benefit-to-cost ratio was 0.50, indicating that for every dollar spent on universal versus targeted screening, only $0.50 is recovered in avoided costs of hospital-acquired MRSA infection.
Compared with targeted screening, universal screening increased the rate of detection of MRSA upon hospital admission but did not significantly reduce the rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection. Universal screening was associated with higher costs of care and was not cost beneficial.
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