The edible mushroom Termitomyces is an agaric‐type basidiomycete fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with fungus‐growing termites. An understanding of the detailed development mechanisms ...underlying the adaptive responses of Termitomyces sp. to their growing environment is lacking. Here, we compared the transcriptome sequences of different Termitomyces sp. samples and link‐stipe grown on fungus combs in situ and monocultured in vitro. The assembled reads generated 8052 unigenes. The expression profiles were highly different for 2556 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the treated samples, where the expression of 1312 and 1244 DEGs was upregulated in the Mycelium and link‐stipe groups respectively. Functional classification of the DEGs based on both Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed an expected shift in fungal gene expression, where stress response genes whose expression was upregulated in link‐stipe may adaptively be involved in cell wall hydrolysis and fusion, pathogenesis, oxidation‐reduction, transporter efflux, transposon efflux and self/non–self‐recognition. Urease has implications in the expression of genes involved in the nitrogen metabolism pathway, and its expression could be controlled by low‐level nitrogen fixation of fungus combs. In addition, the expression patterns of eleven select genes on the basis of qRT‐PCR were consistent with their changes in transcript abundance, as revealed by RNA sequencing. Taken together, these findings may be useful for enriching the knowledge concerning the Termitomyces adaptive response to in situ fungus combs compared with the response of monocultures in vitro.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The first study of the gene regulation from transcriptome can provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent further excavation of key developmental functional genes of Termitomyces sp. We found an important but not yet biologically defined Termitomyces tissue, link‐stipe. There are a lot of important developmental genes and stress response genes in the link‐stipe tissue, which can provide an important reference to analyse the development mechanism of Termitomyces sp. The important cohesion of link‐stipe tissue in the whole symbiotic system is demonstrated.
Summary
Background
The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture‐based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with less ...biased genomic methods, sampling, lysis and methodology, the task of describing acne pathophysiology remains challenging. Acne occurs in sites dominated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Malassezia species, both of which can function either as commensal or pathogen.
Objectives
This article aims to review the current state of the art of the microbiome and acne.
Methods
The literature regarding the microbiome and acne was reviewed.
Results
It remains unclear whether there is a quantitative difference in microbial community distribution, making it challenging to understand any community shift from commensal to pathogenic nature. It is plausible that acne involves (i) change in the distribution of species/strains, (ii) stable distribution with pathogenic alteration in response to internal (intermicrobe) or external stimuli (host physiology or environmental) or (iii) a combination of these factors.
Conclusions
Understanding physiological changes in bacterial species and strains will be required to define their specific roles, and identify any potential intervention points, in acne pathogenesis and treatment. It will also be necessary to determine whether any fungal species are involved, and establish whether they play a significant role. Further investigation using robust, modern analytic tools in longitudinal studies with a large number of participants, may make it possible to determine whether the microbiota plays a causal role, is primarily involved in exacerbation, or is merely a bystander. It is likely that the final outcome will show that acne is the result of complex microbe–microbe and community–host interplay.
What's already known about this topic?
Acne is among the most common skin disorders, but little is known about its aetiology.
While a role for the skin microbiome is postulated, its involvement remains unclear.
What does this study add?
This review outlines what is known about the role of skin microbes in acne.
This article describes the use of multiple methodologies for sampling and analysis of microbiology in acne studies.
Positives and negatives of each methodology are reviewed and key needs are defined.
Linked Editorial: Van Steensel. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:647–648.
Linked Comment: Ochsendorf. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:657–658.
The use of adult stem cells is limited by the quality and quantity of host stem cells. It has been demonstrated that Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs), a primitive stromal ...population, could integrate into ischemic cardiac tissues and significantly improve heart function. In this randomized, controlled trial, our aim was to assess the safety and efficacy of intracoronary WJMSCs in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
In a multicenter trial, 116 patients with acute ST-elevation MI were randomly assigned to receive an intracoronary infusion of WJMSCs or placebo into the infarct artery at five to seven days after successful reperfusion therapy. The primary endpoint of safety: the incidence of adverse events (AEs) within 18 months, was monitored and quantified. The endpoint of efficacy: the absolute changes in myocardial viability and perfusion of the infarcted region from baseline to four months, global left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from baseline to 18 months were measured using F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (F-18-FDG-PET) and 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography (99mTc-SPECT), and two-dimensional echocardiography, respectively.
During 18 months follow-up, AEs rates and laboratory tests including tumor, immune, and hematologic indexes were not different between the two groups. The absolute increase in the myocardial viability (PET) and perfusion within the infarcted territory (SPECT) was significantly greater in the WJMSC group 6.9 ± 0.6 % (95 %CI, 5.7 to 8.2) and 7.1 ± 0.8 % (95 %CI, 5.4 to 8.8) than in the placebo group 3.3 ± 0.7 % (95 %CI, 1.8 to 4.7), P <0.0001 and 3.9 ± 0.6(95 %CI, 2.8 to 5.0), P = 0.002 at four months. The absolute increase in the LVEF at 18 months in the WJMSC group was significantly greater than that in the placebo group 7.8 ± 0.9 (6.0 to approximately 9.7) vs. 2.8 ± 1.2 (0.4 to approximately 5.1), P = 0.001. Concomitantly, the absolute decreases in LV end-systolic volumes and end-diastolic volumes at 18 months in the WJMSC group were significantly greater than those in the placebo group (P = 0.0004, P = 0.004, respectively).
Intracoronary infusion of WJMSCs is safe and effective in patients with AMI, providing clinically relevant therapy within a favorable time window. This study encourages additional clinical trials to determine whether WJMSCs may serve as a novel alternative to BMSCs for cardiac stem cell-based therapy.
Clinical Trials NCT01291329 (02/05/2011).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy has been remarkable in excising segments of integrated HIV-1 DNA sequences from the genome of latently infected human cell lines and by introducing InDel ...mutations, suppressing HIV-1 replication in patient-derived CD4+ T-cells, ex vivo. Here, we employed a short version of the Cas9 endonuclease, saCas9, together with a multiplex of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for targeting the viral DNA sequences within the 5'-LTR and the Gag gene for removing critically important segments of the viral DNA in transgenic mice and rats encompassing the HIV-1 genome. Tail-vein injection of transgenic mice with a recombinant Adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) vector expressing saCas9 and the gRNAs, rAAV:saCas9/gRNA, resulted in the cleavage of integrated HIV-1 DNA and excision of a 978 bp DNA fragment spanning between the LTR and Gag gene in the spleen, liver, heart, lung and kidney as well as in the circulating lymphocytes. Retro-orbital inoculation of rAAV9:saCas9/gRNA in transgenic rats eliminated a targeted segment of viral DNA and substantially decreased the level of viral gene expression in circulating blood lymphocytes. The results from the proof-of-concept studies, for the first time, demonstrate the in vivo eradication of HIV-1 DNA by CRISPR/Cas9 on delivery by an rAAV9 vector in a range of cells and tissues that harbor integrated copies of viral DNA.
High‐throughput 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequencing were performed to study the changes of soil microbial diversity and community structure under different heavy metal pollution levels in Chengxian ...lead–zinc mining area, Gansu Province. In this study, we characterized the main physicochemical properties, multiple heavy metal pollution, and microbial community structure of the soil in the tailings. The results show that the soil near the tailings pond was alkaline, barren and the heavy metals were seriously polluted. The microbial diversity and richness of S1 and S2 sites were significantly lower than that of CK2 site (P < 0·05), indicating that the heavy metal pollution could change the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure in soil. Among 97 identified core operating taxa of fungal communities, Ascomycota, Teguta and Basidiomycota were dominant at the phylum level, while among 1523 identified core operating taxa of bacterial communities, Actinomycota was dominant at the phylum level. In addition, the redundancy analysis and Spearman correlation analysis showed that the physicochemical properties and the heavy metal concentration had significant effects on the composition and distribution of soil microbial community. The basic characteristics of soil physicochemical properties, multiple heavy metal pollution and microbial community structure in the tailings were revealed, hoping to provide a basis for ecological rehabilitation of tailings by revealing the variance rule of microbial community diversity in the future.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The unreasonable mining process and smelting technology in mining industry lead to serious ecological environment problems in the soil near mining area. High‐throughput sequencing technology was used to monitor microbial diversity and community structure in the contaminated soil to characterize the ecological status of the area. This study may provide a basis for ecological restoration in the mining area.
Summary
Objectives
To review clinical evidence on the antiepileptic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for drug‐resistant epilepsy, its safety, and the factors influencing individual outcomes.
...Methods
A comprehensive search of the medical literature (PubMed, Medline) was conducted to identify relevant articles investigating DBS therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy. Reference lists of these articles were used to source further articles.
Results
Stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) and hippocampus (HC) has been shown to decrease the frequency of refractory seizures. Half of all patients from clinical studies experienced a 46%‐90% seizure reduction with ANT‐DBS, and a 48%‐95% seizure reduction with HC‐DBS. The efficacy of stimulating other targets remains inconclusive due to lack of evidence. Approximately three‐fourths of patients receiving ANT, HC, or centromedian nucleus of the thalamus (CMT) stimulation are responders—experiencing a seizure reduction of at least 50%. The time course of clinical benefit varies dramatically, with both an initial lesional effect and ongoing stimulation effect at play. Improved quality of life and changes to cognition or mood may also occur. Side effects are similar in nature to those reported from DBS therapy for movement disorders. Several factors are potentially associated with stimulation efficacy, including an absence of structural abnormality on imaging for ANT and HC stimulation, and electrode position relative to the target. Certain seizure types or syndromes may respond more favorably to specific targets, including ANT stimulation for deep temporal or limbic seizures, and CMT stimulation for generalized seizures and Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.
Significance
We have identified several patient, disease, and stimulation factors that potentially predict seizure outcome following DBS. More large‐scale clinical trials are needed to explore different stimulation parameters, reevaluate the indications for DBS, and identify robust predictors of patient response.
The cotA gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN‐13 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Transetta. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed an open reading frame of 1542 bp encoding a polypeptide ...comprised of 513 amino acids. The degradation of lignin model compounds by recombinant CotA was investigated by HPLC‐MS with guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether as the substrate. The compounds including guaiacol, 3‐(4‐hydro‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxo‐propanol and 4‐hydro‐3‐methoxy acetophenone detected by HPLC‐MS verified the rupture of β‐O‐4 bond and oxidation Cα bond of guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether by CotA. 4‐vinylguaiacol and 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyl phenyl)‐1‐(2‐methoxyl) phenoxyl ethylene were first time found in the degradation products of guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether. The appearance of 4‐vinylguaiacol and 4‐hydro‐3‐methoxy acetophenone confirmed the cleavage of Cβ‐Cγ bond. 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyl phenyl)‐2‐(2‐methoxyl) phenoxyl ethylene was coupled by the radical reaction of 4‐vinylguaiacol with guaiacol. Otherwise, no corresponding degradation product was found to give a proof of cleavage of Cα‐Cβ bond in guaiacylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether by CotA.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Lignin represents a major renewable source of aromatic and phenolic substances, which would be valuable raw materials for the food and flavour industry, and for fine chemicals and materials synthesis. The breakdown of lignin by ligninolytic enzyme opens up new possibilities for the production of value‐added substituted aromatics. In this work, CotA was expressed and purified, and lignin‐degrading pathway of the recombinant CotA was elaborated. This study is a contribution to the bioconversion of lignin to aromatic chemicals by CotA. The lignin‐depolymerization pathway of CotA has not been reported up to date.
By pulsed s-shell resonant excitation of a single quantum dot-micropillar system, we generate long streams of 1000 near-transform-limited single photons with high mutual indistinguishability. The ...Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of two photons is measured as a function of their emission time separation varying from 13 ns to 14.7 μs, where the visibility slightly drops from 95.9(2)% to a plateau of 92.1(5)% through a slow dephasing process occurring at a time scale of 0.7 μs. A temporal and spectral analysis reveals the pulsed resonance fluorescence single photons are close to the transform limit, which are readily useful for multiphoton entanglement and interferometry experiments.
WRKYs play important roles in plant growth, defense regulation, and the stress response. However, the mechanisms through which WRKYs are involved in drought tolerance have been rarely characterized ...in kale (
Brassica oleracea
var. acephala DC). In this study, we cloned the
BoWRKY10
gene from kale and its expression was induced with PEG4000, NaCl, gibberellic acid, cold, H
2
O
2
, and abscisic acid (ABA). Bo-WRKY10 was localized in the nucleus. The protein had a WRKY domain and a C2H2 zinc finger structure and belonged to subgroup II. The analysis of yeast transcriptional activity showed that BoWRKY10 may have transcriptional activation activity, which was mainly determined by the carboxyl terminal sequence. BoW-RKY10-overexpressing tobacco (
Nicotiana tabacum
L.) showed enhanced drought tolerance. After the drought treatment, relative water content and proline contents as well as superoxide dismutase activity were higher in transgenic plants, while malondialdehyde and H
2
O
2
contents were lower. In addition, several genes related to the ABA signaling pathway, sucrose, and the reactive oxygen species scavenging system, were significantly upregulated in the transgenic lines. These results demonstrate that BoWRKY10 confers drought tolerance in tobacco. These results provide clues regarding the mechanism by which BoWRKY10 contributes to the regulation of drought stress tolerance.
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