Hypoxia in malignant tumors is a major factor in inducing the failure of clinical cancer treatment. Although several strategies have been developed to relieve hypoxia, most are still in the ...preclinical research phase. Therefore, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), an approved adjuvant therapy for alleviating hypoxia clinically, is an excellent choice for enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatment that is impeded by tumor hypoxia. In this minireview, recent advances in HBO‐facilitated cancer treatment, including clinical applications and nanomedicine‐mediated cancer therapy are introduced. At the end of this minireview, the potential challenges faced by HBO therapy before clinical use are discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for future clinical research on the application of HBO in cancer treatment.
As a clinical adjuvant for alleviating hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is an excellent choice to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment. In this minireview, recent advances in HBO, including clinical and preclinical applications in chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy, are summarized, and the current challenges and future research directions for HBO‐mediated cancer treatment are proposed.
The prevalence of microplastics in the marine environment has attracted extensive attention. So far, no information is known regarding the temporal and spatial variations of microplastics in Zhongsha ...Atoll. This study, for the first time, comprehensively investigated the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in the surface seawater in Zhongsha Atoll based on two ocean cruises. The abundances of microplastics measured in the surface seawater of Zhongsha Atoll were in the ranges of not detected (ND) to 67 items/m3, and ND to 160 items/m3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. All microplastics detected in Zhongsha Atoll were fibers, most of which were transparent and less than 2 mm. Polyethylene terephthalate was the dominating composition of microplastics. These results suggested that sewage, surface runoff, atmospheric deposition by neighboring land, and fishing activities may be the primary pollution sources. This study provides critical information on microplastic pollution in Zhongsha Atoll for the first time, calling for more research in the management of marine plastic debris in the future.
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•Microplastics in Zhongsha Atoll were comprehensively surveyed for the first time.•More microplastics were detected in 2020 in Zhongsha Atoll than in 2019.•Polyethylene terephthalate fibers were the primary composition of microplastics.
Microplastic accumulation in estuarine environments is considered the dominant input of land-based plastics into the oceans. In this study, the level of microplastic contamination was evaluated in 26 ...species of wild fish from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Results showed that microplastics abundance ranged from 0.17 items individual−1 (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris &Acanthogobius flavimanus) to 1.33 items individual−1 (Plectorhynchus cinctus) among different species. The distribution of microplastic abundance in the gills and gastrointestinal tracts was not significantly different. Microplastics in gills are strongly related to the filtration area of gills in 15 fish species. Fibers were the dominant shapes accounting for 93.45% of the total shapes. The majority of microplastics were <3 mm in size. The most common polymer composition was polyethylene terephthalate (38.2%) and the most common color was black (30.36%). The findings of this study provide baseline data for microplastic contamination in wild fish from an urban estuary.
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•Microplastics were widely detected in 26 fish species.•Fibers were the dominant type of microplastics.•Gill was an important organ for microplastic accumulation.•Microplastic ingestion by fish might be induced by the physiochemical properties.
Mutations are the raw material of evolution but have been difficult to study directly. We report the largest study of new mutations to date, comprising 2,058 germline changes discovered by analyzing ...85,289 Icelanders at 2,477 microsatellites. The paternal-to-maternal mutation rate ratio is 3.3, and the rate in fathers doubles from age 20 to 58, whereas there is no association with age in mothers. Longer microsatellite alleles are more mutagenic and tend to decrease in length, whereas the opposite is seen for shorter alleles. We use these empirical observations to build a model that we apply to individuals for whom we have both genome sequence and microsatellite data, allowing us to estimate key parameters of evolution without calibration to the fossil record. We infer that the sequence mutation rate is 1.4-2.3×10(-8) mutations per base pair per generation (90% credible interval) and that human-chimpanzee speciation occurred 3.7-6.6 million years ago.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A reinforcement learning (RL) based optimizer is proposed.•Extreme learning machine based tunneling-induced settlement prediction model is established.•Framework of hybrid RL based optimizer and ...machine learning algorithms is proposed.
Prediction of ground responses is important for improving performance of tunneling. This study proposes a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based optimizer with the integration of deep-Q network (DQN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Such optimizer is used to improve the extreme learning machine (ELM) based tunneling-induced settlement prediction model. Herein, DQN-PSO optimizer is used to optimize the weights and biases of ELM. Based on the prescribed states, actions, rewards, rules and objective functions, DQN-PSO optimizer evaluates the rewards of actions at each step, thereby guides particles which action should be conducted and when should take this action. Such hybrid model is applied in a practical tunnel project. Regarding the search of global best weights and biases of ELM, the results indicate the DQN-PSO optimizer obviously outperforms conventional metaheuristic optimization algorithms with higher accuracy and lower computational cost. Meanwhile, this model can identify relationships among influential factors and ground responses through self-practicing. The ultimate model can be expressed with an explicit formulation and used to predict tunneling-induced ground response in real time, facilitating its application in engineering practice.
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), a member of the AMP-related serine-threonine kinase family, has been involved in regulating many cellular events, and aberrant MELK expression is ...associated with tumorigenesis and malignant progression in various cancers. More and more studies have found that MELK plays an essential regulatory role in tumor multidrug resistance or radio resistance. MELK inhibitors can also improve drug resistance caused by a gene mutation. These findings remind us that MELK could be a chemo- or radio-sensitizing target. However, it has also been found that most experiments on MELK rely on non-selective RNAi and small molecule reagents, which makes the results questionable, and thus the development of selective MELK inhibitors is still necessary. In this review, we summarized the identified regulatory pathways of MELK in tumor resistance and reclassified MELK inhibitors from a structural perspective. In addition, we discovered the glycosylation modification site of the MELK protein and discussed the possibility of continuing to develop small molecule inhibitors targeting the glycosylation modification site. These provide new strategies for developing selective MELK inhibitors and understanding the essential biological role of MELK in cancer.
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•MELK could be a chemo- or radio-sensitizing target.•MELK protein was associated with drug resistance in multiple tumors.•CADD could enable the design and optimization of MELK inhibitor structures.
Deep neural networks have achieved promising performance for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, due to the limitation of the available labeled samples, the traditional deeper and ...wider neural networks usually cause the overfitting problem and lose the detailed information. To solve this problem, a brain-like structure, namely spatial attention-driven recurrent feedback convolutional neural network (SARFNN), is proposed by utilizing the recurrent feedback and attention mechanism structures, from which two deep models are further developed for HSI classification. First, a 2-D SARFNN (SARF2DNN) model is developed to learn the spatial features from HSI data. After that, to better exploit the 3-D characteristic, the 3-D version is extended from SARF2DNN, thus constructing an SARF3DNN model to extract joint spatial-spectral features. Moreover, with the help of the idea of brain-likeness, the recurrent feedback module is designed to recover information loss caused by deeper structure and the dimension reduction operation. The experimental results conducted on two HSI data sets show that our SARFNN architecture can achieve more competitive performance than other state-of-the-art algorithms.
Defects can introduce atomic structural modulation and tailor performance of materials. Herein, it demonstrates that semiconductor WO
with inert electrocatalytic behavior can be activated through ...defect-induced tensile strains. Structural characterizations reveal that when simply treated in Ar/H
atmosphere, oxygen vacancies will generate in WO
and cause defective structures. Stacking faults are found in defects, thus modulating electronic structure and transforming electrocatalytic-inert WO
into highly active electrocatalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to calculate
H adsorption energies on various WO
surfaces, revealing the oxygen vacancy composition and strain predicted to optimize the catalytic activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Such defective tungsten oxides can be integrated into commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser with comparable performance toward Pt-based PEM. This work demonstrates defective metal oxides as promising non-noble metal catalysts for commercial PEM green-hydrogen generation.
Plants face constant threats from insect herbivores, which limit plant distribution and abundance in nature and crop productivity in agricultural ecosystems. In recent decades, the whitefly
Bemisia ...tabaci
, a group of phloem-feeding insects, has emerged as pests of global significance. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on plant defenses against whitefly and approaches to engineer plant resistance to whitefly. Physically, plants deploy trichome and acylsugar-based strategies to restrain nutrient extraction by whitefly. Chemically, toxic secondary metabolites such as terpenoids confer resistance against whitefly in plants. Moreover, the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway seems to be the major regulator of whitefly resistance in many plants. We next review advances in interfering with whitefly-plant interface by engineering of plant resistance using conventional and biotechnology-based breeding. These breeding programs have yielded many plant lines with high resistance against whitefly, which hold promises for whitefly control in the field. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on several issues of particular relevance to the nature and engineering of plant resistance against whitefly.
Three-dimensional (3D) CuO/TiO
2
hybrid heterostructure nanorod arrays (NRs) with noble-metal-free composition, fabricated by template-assisted low-cost processes, were used as the photo-Fenton-like ...catalyst for dye degradation. Here, CuO NRs were deposited into anodic aluminum oxide templates by electrodeposition method annealed at various temperatures, followed by deposition of TiO
2
thin films through E-gun evaporation, resulting in the formation of CuO/TiO
2
p-n heterojunction. The distribution of elements and compositions of the CuO/TiO
2
p-n heterojunction were analyzed by EDS mapping and EELS profiles, respectively. In the presence of H
2
O
2
, CuO/TiO
2
hybrid structure performed more efficiently than CuO NRs for Rhodamine B degradation under the irradiation of 500-W mercury-xenon arc lamp. This study demonstrated the effect of length of CuO NRs, on the photo-degradation performance of CuO NRs as well as CuO/TiO
2
heterostructure. The optimized CuO/TiO
2
hybrid NR array structure exhibited the highest photo-degradation activity, and the mechanism and role of photo-Fenton acting as the catalyst in photo-degradation of dye was also investigated.
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