Display omitted
•A novel hybrid material was fabricated employing P(GMA-AA) as the gatekeeper of HMS.•Aba-loaded HMS@P(GMA-AA) showed a base-triggered release property.•Aba-loaded HMS@P(GMA-AA) ...protected Aba from photolysis effectively.•Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA) possessed satisfactory efficacy on rice leaf folder in practice.
Nanomaterials offer a great opportunity to develop new strategies for designing stimuli-responsive controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides. In this study, a pH sensitive controlled release system, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid) (P(GMA-AA)) grafted hollow mesoporous silica (HMS@P(GMA-AA) was fabricated. HMS was fabricated using a hard template and functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Then, P(GMA-AA) was grafted onto HMS by seeded precipitation polymerization. Abamectin (aba) was selected as the model pesticide to test the pH-sensitivity property. Detailed investigations showed that Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA) exhibited a high pesticide-loading efficiency (33 wt%) and superior stability. The release of Aba from Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA) was pH-dependent. In addition, Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA) showed a strong combination with rice leaves, mainly benefitting from its low contact angle and high adhesion work on leaves. Bioactivity studies in a greenhouse and the field indicated that Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA) was more toxic than Aba emulsifiable concentrate (Aba-EC) in controlling rice pest Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guénee) larvae, and it possessed long-term efficacy in practice. Importantly, there was no obvious influence on the growth of rice seedlings treated with Aba@HMS@P(GMA-AA). The results suggest that the proposed controlled release system is a promising candidate for the management of pests.
IMPORTANCE Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the leading causes of mortality and disease burden worldwide. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of diabetes and glycemic control in the ...Chinese adult population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a complex, multistage, probability sampling design, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in a nationally representative sample of 98 658 Chinese adults in 2010. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were measured after at least a 10-hour overnight fast among all study participants, and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria; whereas, a hemoglobin A1c level of <7.0% was considered adequate glycemic control. RESULTS The overall prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 11.6% (95% CI, 11.3%-11.8%) in the Chinese adult population. The prevalence among men was 12.1% (95% CI, 11.7%-12.5%) and among women was 11.0% (95% CI, 10.7%-11.4%). The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3.5% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.6%) in the Chinese population: 3.6% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.8%) in men and 3.4% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.5%) in women. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 8.1% (95% CI, 7.9%-8.3%) in the Chinese population: 8.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-8.8%) in men and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.4%-8.0%) in women. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes was estimated to be 50.1% (95% CI, 49.7%-50.6%) in Chinese adults: 52.1% (95% CI, 51.5%-52.7%) in men and 48.1% (95% CI, 47.6%-48.7%) in women. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in older age groups, in urban residents, and in persons living in economically developed regions. Among patients with diabetes, only 25.8% (95% CI, 24.9%-26.8%) received treatment for diabetes, and only 39.7% (95% CI, 37.6%-41.8%) of those treated had adequate glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The estimated prevalence of diabetes among a representative sample of Chinese adults was 11.6% and the prevalence of prediabetes was 50.1%. Projections based on sample weighting suggest this may represent up to 113.9 million Chinese adults with diabetes and 493.4 million with prediabetes. These findings indicate the importance of diabetes as a public health problem in China.
Moderate cold stimulation regulates the thymus's growth and function and facilitates cold acclimatization in broilers. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. To explore the possible ...mechanism of the thymus in cold-acclimated broilers against cold stress, 240 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were assigned to 2 groups randomly. The control group (C) was housed at conventional temperatures. The temperature during the first week was 33°C to 34°C. Between the ages of 8 and 32 d, the temperature was lowered by 1°C every 2 d, i.e., gradually from 32°C to 20°C, and then maintained at 20°C until 42 d of age. The cold-acclimated group (C-3) was housed at the same temperature as C from 1 to 7 d after birth. Between 8 and 42 d, the temperature of C-3 was 3°C colder than C. After 24 h exposure to acute cold stress (ACS) at 42 d, C and C-3 were named as S and S-3. The results showed that ACS was able to induce oxidation stress, modulate PI3K/AKT signal, and cause necroptosis and apoptosis in broiler thymus. By contrast, cold acclimation could alleviate apoptosis and necroptosis induced by cold stress via alleviating oxidative stress, efficiently activating the PI3K/AKT signal, as well as decreasing apoptotic and necrotic genes’ levels. This study offers a novel theoretical basis for cold acclimation to improve the body’s cold tolerance.
•CUE increased with greater PRE and RAD but decreased with higher TEM.•WUE increased with greater PRE and TEM but decreased with greater RAD.•CUE showed an insignificant decreasing trend from 2001 to ...2019 in China.•WUE showed a significant increasing trend from 2001 to 2019 in China.•Human activities contribute more than climate change to CUE and WUE.
Carbon-use efficiency (CUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE) are critical parameters for evaluating the exchange of carbon and water in ecosystems, influenced by climate change and human activities. Quantifying the relative contributions of climate change and human activity to CUE and WUE is essential in the context of global warming and rapid land use transformation. This study assessed spatiotemporal variations in CUE and WUE and evaluated their interconnections with climate factors through comprehensive trend and partial correlation analyses. Furthermore, it explored the responses of CUE and WUE variations to climate change and human activities across distinct geographical zones in China from 2001 to 2019, employing multiple regression residual trend analysis. Our analysis suggested that annual average CUE was 0.57 and annual average WUE was 1.47 g C kg−1H2O. Spatially, CUE demonstrated an increase in northern China but a decline in the southern regions, while WUE exhibited a contrasting trend. Generally, CUE exhibited a positive correlation with increased precipitation (PRE) and solar radiation (RAD) but displayed a negative association with elevated air temperature (TEM). Conversely, WUE showed an increase with greater PRE and TEM but a decrease with heightened RAD. Notably, it was revealed that human activities exerted a more significant impact on CUE and WUE in China than climate change. However, climate change played an important role in some areas with low populations, such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The results will improve the understanding of the carbon and water coupled process in terrestrial ecosystems, which is helpful to optimize the allocation of ecological resources and maintain ecosystem balance.
In China, few studies have examined the relationship between the combination of body mass index and waist circumference and the risk of stroke. Moreover, the relationship may also be different in ...different genders. Thus, we investigated the association between the combination of body mass index and waist circumference and the risk of stroke in Chinese.
This prospective cohort study included 36 632 participants aged 18 to 90 years. Participants were recruited from 60 surveillance sites (25 urban sites and 35 rural sites) across China in 2010 China Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance, and followed up in 2016-2017. Incident cases of stroke were identified through questionnaires (including the basis of clinical diagnosis, imaging tests, time of diagnosis, diagnosis unit) and Cardiovascular Event Report System. Risk factors for stroke were collected at baseline using questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to generate adjusted hazard ratios and 95%CI. All analyses were duplicated by gender stratification.
During 6.42 ± 0.50 years of follow-up, 1 333 (597 males, 736 females) stroke events were observed among the 27 112 participants who did not have cardiovascular diseases at baseline. Compared with the general population who have normal weight or underweight with normal WC, those who have normal weight or underweight with abdominal obesity (adjusted hazard ratios 1.45, 95%CI 1.07-1.97 in males; 0.98, 95%CI 0.78-1.24 in females), overweight with abdominal obesity (1.41, 95%CI 1.14-1.75 in males; 1.33, 95%CI 1.10-1.61 in females), obesity with abdominal obesity (1.46, 95%CI 1.11-1.91 in males; 1.46, 95%CI 1.17-1.81 in females). Overweight with normal WC was found to be not statistically significant for both males and females (all P>0.05). Subgroup analysis found a multiplicative interaction between age and anthropometric group in females (P for interaction <0.05). Sensitivity analysis results did not change. In the subjects with CVD risk factors, we found a similar relationship as in the general population .
Combined assessment of body mass index and waist circumference identifies obesity patterns associated with stroke risk.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Intermittent cold stimulation (ICS) enhances broilers’ resistance to cold stress. Nonetheless, further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that enhance cold stress resistance. ...A total of 160 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 2 groups (CC and CS5), with the CC group managing temperature according to the standard for broiler growth stages, while the CS5 group were subjected to cold stimulation at a temperature 3℃ lower than the CC group for 5 h, every 2 d from 15 to 35 d. Sampling was conducted at 36 d (36D), 50 d (50D) and after acute cold stress for 24 h (Y24). First, we examined the effects of ICS on broiler growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism. The results demonstrated that ICS enhanced the performance of broilers to a certain degree. Specifically, the average weight gain in the CS5 group was significantly higher than that of the CC group, and the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased compared to CC at 4 W and 6 W (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the CC group, cold stimulation significantly reduced drip loss, shearing force, and yellowness (a* value) of chicken meat, while significantly increased redness (b* value) (P ≤ 0.05). At Y24, the levels of T-AOC and GSH-PX in the serum of the CS5 group were significantly higher than those of the CC group, while the level of MDA was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). The content of TG, FFA, and VLDL in the serum of the CS5 group was significantly elevated, whereas the level of TC and HDL was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, we further explored whether AMPK-mTOR pathway is involved in the regulation of changes in lipid metabolism and the possible regulatory mechanisms downstream of the signaling pathway. The results showed that ICS significantly upregulated the expression levels of AMPK mRNA and protein in the liver of the CS5 group at 36D and Y24, while significantly down-regulating mTOR (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the CC group, ICS significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of lipid synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (SREBP1c, FAS, SCD, ACC, GRP78 and PERK) at 36D and Y24, while significantly up-regulating the mRNA expression levels of lipid decomposition and autophagy-related genes (PPAR and LC3) (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, at Y24, the protein expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (GRP78) in the CS5 group were significantly lower, while autophagy-related genes (LC3 and ATG7) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05). ICS can affect meat quality and lipid metabolism in broilers, and when broilers are subjected to acute cold stress, broilers trained with cold stimulation have stronger lipid metabolism capacity.
The brown planthopper is a serious rice pest in China. Chemical insecticides have been considered a satisfactory means of controlling the brown planthopper. In the present study, we determined the ...susceptibility of twenty-one populations of Nilaparvata lugens to eleven insecticides by a rice-stem dipping method from 2012 to 2014 in eight provinces of China. These field-collected populations of N. lugens had developed high levels of resistance to imidacloprid (resistant ratio, RR=233.3–2029-fold) and buprofezin (RR=147.0–1222). Furthermore, N. lugens showed moderate to high levels of resistance to thiamethoxam (RR=25.9–159.2) and low to moderate levels of resistance to dinotefuran (RR=6.4–29.1), clothianidin (RR=6.1–33.6), ethiprole (RR=11.5–71.8), isoprocarb (RR=17.1–70.2), and chlorpyrifos (RR=7.4–30.7). In contrast, the susceptibility of N. lugens to etofenprox (RR=1.1–4.9), thiacloprid (RR=2.9–8.2) and acetamiprid (RR=2.7–26.2) remained susceptible to moderate levels of resistance. Significant correlations were detected between the LC50 values of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, buprofezin, and etofenprox, as well as between clothianidin and thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, ethiprole, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. Similarly, significant correlations were observed between chlorpyrifos and etofenprox, acetamiprid and thiacloprid. Additionally, the activity of the detoxification enzymes of N. lugens showed a significant correlation with the log LC50 values of imidacloprid, dinotefuran and ethiprole. These results will be beneficial for effective insecticide resistance management strategies to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance.
Display omitted
•The resistance of twenty-one populations of N. lugens to eleven insecticides was monitored in 2012–2014.•High resistance to imidacloprid (resistance ratio (RR)=2029) and to buprofezin (RR=1222) was observed.•Significant correlations were analyzed between the values of the logLC50 of the insecticides.•Significant correlations were detected between cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and the susceptibility of Nilaparvata lugens to ethiprole, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran.•A significant correlation was found between the activity of esterase and the susceptibility of Nilaparvata lugens to imidacloprid.
Ammonia (NH3) is a major pollutant in livestock houses and atmospheric environment. It has been demonstrated that NH3 can cause a series of damage to animals and human. However, toxicity evaluation ...of NH3 on farm animals was rarely reported, especially in the intestinal microflora. Therefore, in this study, twenty-four 125-day-old fattening pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, NH3 group (88.2 mg m−3 < NH3 concentration < 90.4 mg m−3), Se group (Se content: 0.5 mg kg−1), and NH3 + Se group (88.2 mg m−3 < NH3 concentration < 90.4 mg m−3, Se content: 0.5 mg kg−1), and the effects of NH3 and L-Selenomethionine on the microbiota composition in the jejunum and the levels of inflammatory markers in feces of fattening pigs were examined by 16S rDNA and ELISA, respectively. Our results showed that the content of Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Lactoferrin (LTF) and Calprotectin in the ammonia group (A group) were significantly elevated compared to the control group, and the content of MMP-9, MPO, LTF and Calprotectin in the A + Se group were significantly reduced. A significant difference in microbiota composition in the phylum, class, family and genus levels was found in the A group and the NH3 + Se group. There was a negative correlation between Streptococcus and Calprotectin. Our results indicated that excessive NH3 inhalation could cause changes in inflammatory markers and beta diversity of intestinal microflora in fattening pigs. We found there was a positive correlation between MPO and Pseudomonas. In addition, we first proposed that L-Selenomethionine could improve the imbalance of microbial flora and the inflammatory injury caused by NH3. Changes in intestinal microflora and inflammatory markers can be used as important indicators to evaluate NH3 toxicity, and studying changes in intestinal microflora is also an important mechanism to reveal NH3 toxicity.
Display omitted
•Ammonia is a typical pollutant in atmospheric environment and livestock production.•Excessive ammonia exposure can cause the changes in inflammatory markers.•Excessive ammonia exposure can cause the imbalance of intestinal microflora.•L-selenomethionine can improve the imbalance of intestinal flora caused by ammonia.•Intestinal flora is involved in the toxic mechanism of ammonia.
Ammonia (NH3) is a major gaseous pollutant in livestock production and has adverse effects on production, health and welfare of animals. The liver is one of the target organs of NH3, and excessive ...NH3 inhalation can induce liver damage. However, the toxicity assessment of NH3 on pig liver and its mechanism have not been reported yet. Recently, transcriptome analysis has become a major method to study the toxic mechanism of pollutants in environmental toxicology. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effects of excessive NH3 inhalation on the liver of fattening pig through chemical analysis, ELISA, transcriptome analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results showed that the transcriptome analysis database of fattening pig liver under excessive NH3 exposure, and 449 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (including 181 up-regulated DEGs and 168 down-regulated DEGs) were found. Some genes associated with the 3 Gene Ontology (GO) terms (liver function, immune, antioxidant defense) were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the activities of GPT and GOT in NH3 group were significantly increased by 63.5% and 37.4% (P < 0.05), respectively. Our results indicated that NH3 exposure could cause changes in transcriptional profiles and liver function, and induce liver damage in fattening pigs through oxidative stress and immune dysfunction. Our study results not only provide a new perspective for the toxicity assessment of NH3, but also enrich the toxicological mechanism of NH3.
Display omitted
•Ammonia exposure caused changes in transcriptional profiles and liver function.•Ammonia exposure induced liver damage through oxidative stress and immune dysfunction.•181 up-regulated DEGs and 168 down-regulated DEGs were screened in the ammonia group.•GO terms concentrated in biological processes, cellular component and molecular function.
PDF
