Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach to convert CO2 to carbon‐neutral fuels using external electric powers. Here, the Bi2S3‐Bi2O3 nanosheets possessing substantial ...interface being exposed between the connection of Bi2S3 and Bi2O3 are prepared and subsequently demonstrate to improve CO2RR performance. The electrocatalyst shows formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of over 90% in a wide potential window. A high partial current density of about 200 mA cm−2 at −1.1 V and an ultralow onset potential with formate FE of 90% are achieved in a flow cell. The excellent electrocatalytic activity is attributed to the fast‐interfacial charge transfer induced by the electronic interaction at the interface, the increased number of active sites, and the improved CO2 adsorption ability. These collectively contribute to the faster reaction kinetics and improved selectivity and consequently, guarantee the superb CO2RR performance. This study provides an appealing strategy for the rational design of electrocatalysts to enhance catalytic performance by improving the charge transfer ability through constructing a functional heterostructure, which enables interface engineering toward more efficient CO2RR.
The heterostructured Bi2S3‐Bi2O3 nanosheets with substantial amount of interface are designed, which demonstrate the enhanced CO2 electroreduction performance. The fast‐interfacial charge transfer induced by the electronic interaction at the interface, together with the increased number of active sites and the improved CO2 adsorption ability, collectively contribute to the improved electrocatalytic performance.
• Brassinosteroids have been implicated in the differentiation of vascular cell types in herbaceous plants, but their roles during secondary growth and wood formation are not well defined.
• Here we ...pharmacologically and genetically manipulated brassinosteroid levels in poplar trees and assayed the effects on secondary growth and wood formation, and on gene expression within stems.
• Elevated brassinosteroid levels resulted in increases in secondary growth and tension wood formation, while inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis resulted in decreased growth and secondary vascular differentiation. Analysis of gene expression showed that brassinosteroid action is positively associated with genes involved in cell differentiation and cell-wall biosynthesis.
• The results presented here show that brassinosteroids play a foundational role in the regulation of secondary growth and wood formation, in part through the regulation of cell differentiation and secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
Long‐lived room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of organic materials holds a significant potential for optical information. Circularly polarized organic ultralong room‐temperature phosphorescence ...(CP‐OURTP) with extremely high dissymmetry factor (glum) values is even highly demanded and considerably challenging. Here, an effective strategy is introduced to realize CP‐OURTP with an emission decay time of 735 ms and a glum value up to 1.49, which exceeds two orders of magnitude larger than previous records, through a system composed of RTP polymers and chiral helical superstructures. The system exhibits excellent stability under multiple cycles of photoirradiation and thermal treatment, and is further employed for information encryption based on optical multiplexing. The results are anticipated to lay the foundation for the development of CP‐OURTP materials in advanced photonic applications.
An effective strategy is presented to realize circularly polarized organic ultralong room‐temperature phosphorescence (CP‐OURTP) with an emission decay time of 735 ms and a glumvalue up to 1.49. The CP‐OURTP materials obtain exhibit excellent stability under multiple cycles of photoirradiation and thermal treatment. Moreover, information encryption based on optical multiplexing using the prepared CP‐OURTP materials is demonstrated.
ABSTRACT
Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and is essential for plant growth and development. Lignin biosynthesis is controlled by a hierarchical regulatory network involving multiple ...transcription factors. In this study, we showed that the gene encoding an APETALA 2/ethylene‐responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor, PagERF81, from poplar 84 K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) is highly expressed in expanding secondary xylem cells. Two independent homozygous Pagerf81 mutant lines created by gene editing, produced significantly more but smaller vessel cells and longer fiber cells with more lignin in cell walls, while PagERF81 overexpression lines had less lignin, compared to non‐transgenic controls. Transcriptome and reverse transcription quantitative PCR data revealed that multiple lignin biosynthesis genes including Cinnamoyl CoA reductase 1 (PagCCR1), Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (PagCAD6), and 4‐Coumarate‐CoA ligase‐like 9 (Pag4CLL9) were up‐regulated in Pagerf81 mutants, but down‐regulated in PagERF81 overexpression lines. In addition, a transient transactivation assay revealed that PagERF81 repressed the transcription of these three genes. Furthermore, yeast one hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that PagERF81 directly bound to a GCC sequence in the PagCCR1 promoter. No known vessel or fiber cell differentiation related genes were differentially expressed, so the smaller vessel cells and longer fiber cells observed in the Pagerf81 lines might be caused by abnormal lignin deposition in the secondary cell walls. This study provides insight into the regulation of lignin biosynthesis, and a molecular tool to engineer wood with high lignin content, which would contribute to the lignin‐related chemical industry and carbon sequestration.
The APETALA 2/ethylene‐responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor PagERF81 plays an important role in lignin biosynthesis and xylem cell differentiation in poplar and the monolignol biosynthesis gene PagCCR1 is a direct target of PagERF81.
Societal lifestyle changes, especially increased consumption of a high-fat diet lacking dietary fibers, lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhance the incidence of adiposity and chronic ...inflammatory disease. We aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of inulin with different degrees of polymerization on high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 J mice and to evaluate whether different health outcomes are related to regulation of the gut microbiota. Short-chain and long-chain inulins exert beneficial effects through alleviating endotoxemia and inflammation. Antiinflammation was associated with a proportional increase in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and an increase in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Inulin might decrease endotoxemia by increasing the proportion of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and their inhibition of endotoxin secretion may also contribute to antiinflammation. Interestingly, the beneficial health effects of long-chain inulin were more pronounced than those of short-chain inulin. Long-chain inulin was more dependent than short-chain inulin on species capable of processing complex polysaccharides, such as Bacteroides. A good understanding of inulin-gut microbiota-host interactions helps to provide a dietary strategy that could target and prevent high-fat diet-induced endotoxemia and inflammation through a prebiotic effect.
The tumor microenvironment has a profound impact on prognosis and immunotherapy. However, the landscape of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) microenvironment has not been fully understood.
...Using the largest original multi-omics dataset of TNBC (
= 386), we conducted an extensive immunogenomic analysis to explore the heterogeneity and prognostic significance of the TNBC microenvironment. We further analyzed the potential immune escape mechanisms of TNBC.
The TNBC microenvironment phenotypes were classified into three heterogeneous clusters: cluster 1, the "immune-desert" cluster, with low microenvironment cell infiltration; cluster 2, the "innate immune-inactivated" cluster, with resting innate immune cells and nonimmune stromal cells infiltration; and cluster 3, the "immune-inflamed" cluster, with abundant adaptive and innate immune cells infiltration. The clustering result was validated internally with pathologic sections and externally with The Cancer Genome Atlas and METABRIC cohorts. The microenvironment clusters had significant prognostic efficacy. In terms of potential immune escape mechanisms, cluster 1 was characterized by an incapability to attract immune cells, and
amplification was correlated with low immune infiltration. In cluster 2, chemotaxis but inactivation of innate immunity and low tumor antigen burden might contribute to immune escape, and mutations in the PI3K-AKT pathway might be correlated with this effect. Cluster 3 featured high expression of immune checkpoint molecules.
Our study represents a step toward personalized immunotherapy for patients with TNBC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors might be effective for "immune-inflamed" cluster, and the transformation of "cold tumors" into "hot tumors" should be considered for "immune-desert" and "innate immune-inactivated" clusters.
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•A total nitrogen removal rate of 0.18gNg−1VSSd−1 was obtained in the reactor.•Flexible flocs and compact granules were both found in the system.•Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and ...Planctomycetes were selected over the startup.•Filamentous bacteria constitute a large portion (>25%) in the reactor.
The combined nitritation–anammox process has recently been studied extensively from an engineering perspective. However, the importance of microbial communities of this process was generally underestimated. In this study, a lab-scale nitritation–anammox sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was established and the microbial community structure was further characterized, in order to provide the comprehensive insight into the key microbial groups in one-stage nitritation–anammox system. In general, a total nitrogen removal rate of 0.18gNg−1VSSd−1 was obtained after 180days when the nitrogen loading rate was 0.5kgNm−3d−1 (hydraulic retention time of 1d). Flexible flocs and compact granules were both found in the system, and this morphological differences were basically caused by the different microbial compositions, that is, flocs mainly consisted of filamentous bacteria and granules dominated by anammox bacteria. Results from high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes were selected and established a stable foothold in the community over the startup period, probably driven by the availability of substrate in the influent. Apart from nitrifiers of the Proteobacteria and anammox bacteria of the Planctomycetes, members of Chloroflexi constitute a large portion (>25%), which indicate that heterotrophs (Chloroflexi) survived by soluble microbial products (SMP) of autotrophs should not be neglected in the autotrophic system. This study could be useful for better understanding of one-stage nitritation–anammox system, especially for the interaction between autotrophs and heterotrophs in the system.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to have critical regulatory roles in tumor biology. However, their contribution to melanoma remains largely unknown.
CircRNAs derived from oncogene CD151 ...were detected and verified by analyzing a large number of melanoma samples through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Melanoma cells were stably transfected with lentiviruses using circ_0020710 interference or overexpression plasmid, and then CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, transwell invasion assays, and mouse xenograft models were employed to assess the potential role of circ_0020710. RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to evaluate the underlying mechanism of circ_0020710.
Our findings indicated that circ_0020710 was generally overexpressed in melanoma tissues, and high level of circ_0020710 was positively correlated with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of melanoma patients. Elevated circ_0020710 promoted melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that high level of circ_0020710 could upregulate the CXCL12 expression via sponging miR-370-3p. CXCL12 downregulation could reverse the malignant behavior of melanoma cells conferred by circ_0020710 over expression. Moreover, we also found that elevated circ_0020710 was correlated with cytotoxic lymphocyte exhaustion, and a combination of AMD3100 (the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis inhibitor) and anti-PD-1 significantly attenuated tumor growth.
Elevated circ_0020710 drives tumor progression via the miR-370-3p/CXCL12 axis, and circ_0020710 is a potential target for melanoma treatment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy to convert CO2 to carbon‐based fuels and to simultaneously reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In ...this work, the bismuth subcarbonate nanoflowers (BOC NFs) are facilely prepared through a one‐pot synthesis method for efficient formate electrosynthesis through CO2RR. Benefiting from the crystal structure and sheet‐stacked morphology, the in situ measurements and theoretical calculation results reveal the self‐reinforced CO2 adsorption properties and rapid CO2 adsorption–desorption kinetics on the catalyst surface, which significantly facilitate the CO2RR process. As a result, the desirable Faradaic efficiencies of over 90%, with a maximum value of 98.9%, toward formate formation, are achieved in a wide potential window from −0.8 to −1.4 V in an H‐type cell. Moreover, in a flow cell, the superior intrinsic activity of BOC NFs guarantees the high throughput electrocatalytic performance of CO2RR and the FEformate of over 90% with high current density is achieved in a potential range as wide as 1200 mV, demonstrating the great potential of BOC NFs for practical CO2RR applications. These results underscore the effectiveness of designing electrocatalysts with self‐reinforced CO2 adsorption properties to improve electrocatalytic performance for efficient CO2RR.
The bismuth subcarbonate nanoflowers demonstrate highly selective formation of formate in CO2 electroreduction. The self‐contained carbonate species within the electrocatalyst provide the unique reinforced CO2 adsorption properties and fast CO2 adsorption–desorption kinetics, which results in the high formate Faradic efficiencies in a wide potential window.
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