Semantic segmentation of remote sensing images plays an important role in many applications. However, a remote sensing image typically comprises a complex and heterogenous urban landscape with ...objects in various sizes and materials, which causes challenges to the task. In this work, a novel adaptive fusion network (AFNet) is proposed to improve the performance of very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing image segmentation. To coherently label size-varied ground objects from different categories, we design multilevel architecture with the scale-feature attention module (SFAM). By SFAM, at the location of small objects, low-level features from the shallow layers of convolutional neural network (CNN) are enhanced, whilst for large objects, high-level features from deep layers are enhanced. Thus, the features of size-varied objects could be preserved during fusing features from different levels, which helps to label size-varied objects. As for labeling the category with high intra-class difference and varied scales, the multiscale structure with a scale-layer attention module (SLAM) is utilized to learn representative features, where an adjacent score map refinement module (ACSR) is employed as the classifier. By SLAM, when fusing multiscale features, based on the interested objects scale, feature map from appropriate scale is given greater weights. With such a scale-aware strategy, the learned features can be more representative, which is helpful to distinguish objects for semantic segmentation. Besides, the performance is further improved by introducing several nonlinear layers to the ACSR. Extensive experiments conducted on two well-known public high-resolution remote sensing image data sets show the effectiveness of our proposed model. Code and predictions are available at https://github.com/athauna/AFNet/
A novel porphyrin-based two-dimensional metal–organic framework (MOF) nanodisk with small size and few layers was prepared by coordination chelation between meso -tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine ...ligand and Zn( ii ) paddlewheel metal nodes. With 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BPDC) as nucleation modulator, the anisotropic growth of MOF was impeded by the increased steric hindrance, yielding small Zn–TCPP(BP) MOF crystals. The as-prepared MOF nanodisk exhibited good electrocatalytic activity and selectivity towards nitrite due to the independent distribution of the porphyrin molecules in the framework and the sandwich structure of the prepared Zn–TCPP(BP) nanodisk, which increased the accessible active sites.
The increasing demand for convenient, miniaturized and multifunctional antibodies necessitates the development of novel antigen-recognition molecules for biological and medical studies. Nanobodies, ...the functional variable regions of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies, as a new tool, complement the conventional antibodies and are in the stage of rapid development. The outstanding advantages of nanobodies include a stable structure, easy production, excellent water solubility, high affinity toward antigens and low immunogenicity. With promising application potential, nanobodies are now increasingly applied to various studies, including protein structure analysis, microscopic imaging, medical diagnosis, and drug development. The approval of the first nanobody drug Caplacizumab by the FDA disclosed the therapeutic potential of nanobodies. The outbreak of COVID-19 accelerated the development of nanobody drugs in non-injectable and bispecific biotherapeutic applications. Herein, we reviewed recent studies on the nanobody structure, screening and their applications in protein structure analysis and nanobody drugs, especially on non-injectable nanobody and bispecific nanobody development.
This review summarized the current progress on nanobody screening and their applications in protein structure determination, development of therapeutics crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and development of non-injectable or bispecific drugs.
Objective:
Neuropathic pain (NP) associated with depression or anxiety is highly prevalent in clinical practice. Publications about NP associated with depression or anxiety increased exponentially ...from 2000 to 2020. However, studies that applied the bibliometric method in analyzing global scientific research about NP associated with depression or anxiety are rare. This work used the bibliometric method to analyze the publications on NP associated with depression or anxiety between 2000 and 2020.
Method:
Publications from 2000 and 2020 were identified from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WoS) database. We employed CiteSpace V to conduct the bibliometric study.
Results:
A total of 915 articles or reviews were obtained from the WoS database. The number of publications has increased over the last two decades. The USA was the most productive among countries or regions in the field. According to the burst key words, neuroinflammation, hippocampus, safety, and modulation were the hot global research issues in the domain.
Conclusion:
Publications about NP associated with depression or anxiety have remarkably increased from 2000 to 2020. These historical opinions about NP associated with depression or anxiety could be an important practical basis for further research into potential development trends.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases. PD is associated with progressive loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, including various motor symptoms ...(e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor), as well as non-motor symptoms (e.g., cognitive impairment, constipation, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression). PD involves multiple biological processes, including mitochondrial or lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and neuroinflammation. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a collection of numerous connected cerebral cardiovascular conditions, is a common and growing public health problem associated with many chronic diseases worldwide. MetS components include central/abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, diabetes, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. MetS and PD share multiple pathophysiological processes, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. In recent years, MetS has been linked to an increased risk of PD, according to studies; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Researchers also found that some related metabolic therapies are potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and improve PD. This article reviews the epidemiological relationship between components of MetS and the risk of PD and discusses the potentially relevant mechanisms and recent progress of MetS as a risk factor for PD. Furthermore, we conclude that MetS-related therapies are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of PD.
▸ Ag/PVDF-g-PAA composite membrane is firstly prepared. ▸ Silver nanoparticle provides PVDF membrane a significant improvement of surface hydrophilicity. ▸ Silver nanoparticle endows PVDF membrane ...with outstanding antifouling (anti-organic fouling and anti-biofouling) performance.
In this study, silver nanoparticles were used to endow poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane with excellent surface hydrophilicity and outstanding antifouling performance. Silver nanoparticles were successfully immobilized onto PVDF membrane surface under the presence of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The double effects of silver nanoparticles on PVDF membrane, i.e., surface hydrophilicity and anti-fouling performance, were systematically investigated. Judging from result of water static contact measurement, silver nanoparticles had provided a significant improvement in PVDF membrane surface hydrophilicity. And the possible explanation on the improvement of PVDF membrane surface hydrophilicity with silver nanoparticles was firstly proposed in this study. Membrane permeation and anti-bacterial tests were carried out to characterize the antifouling performance of PVDF membrane. Flux recovery ratio (FRR) increased about 40% after the presence of silver nanoparticles on the PVDF membrane surface, elucidating the anti-organic fouling performance of PVDF membrane was elevated by silver nanoparticles. Simultaneously, anti-bacterial test confirmed that PVDF membrane showed superior anti-biofouling activity because of silver nanoparticles. The above-mentioned results clarified that silver nanoparticles can endow PVDF membrane with both excellent surface hydrophilicity and outstanding antifouling performance in this study.
The CuCl‐catalyzed reaction of aryl boronic acid with carbon dioxide to form carboxylate ester after treatment with CH3I has been developed. The procedure featured mild conditions and good functional ...group tolerances. A diverse range of aryl boronic acids were effectively converted into carboxylate esters. Even those bearing sensitive groups such as carbonyl, ester, and amide could produce the desired products in good yields.
A readily available and mild CuCl catalyst system has been developed for converting CO2 with aryl boronic acids to aryl carboxylate esters. The system has a good functional group tolerance, and substrates containing electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups could be converted into corresponding products with good yields.
An imidazolium bridged macrocyclophane was synthesized as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic to detect pyrophosphate anion with high selectivity ...among various anions. In the presence of zinc ion, macrocyclophane can form aggregates through complexation with pyrophosphate anion and emit ratiometric fluorescence, resulting from an enhancement in its aggregate-state emission and a reduction in its monomer emission. This AIE-active macrocycle showed great potential as a ratiometric fluorescence receptor.
The fluorescence of an imidazolium macrocycle can be switched from monomer emission to aggregate emission in the presence of pyrophosphate anion and zinc ion, which can be used as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for pyrophosphate anion in water.
Many studies have been done on the emotion recognition based on multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals.
This paper explores the influence of the emotion recognition accuracy of EEG signals ...in different frequency bands and different number of channels.
We classified the emotional states in the valence and arousal dimensions using different combinations of EEG channels. Firstly, DEAP default preprocessed data were normalized. Next, EEG signals were divided into four frequency bands using discrete wavelet transform, and entropy and energy were calculated as features of K-nearest neighbor Classifier.
The classification accuracies of the 10, 14, 18 and 32 EEG channels based on the Gamma frequency band were 89.54%, 92.28%, 93.72% and 95.70% in the valence dimension and 89.81%, 92.24%, 93.69% and 95.69% in the arousal dimension. As the number of channels increases, the classification accuracy of emotional states also increases, the classification accuracy of the gamma frequency band is greater than that of the beta frequency band followed by the alpha and theta frequency bands.
This paper provided better frequency bands and channels reference for emotion recognition based on EEG.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In order to investigate the effects of feedstock ratio and organic loading rate (OLR) on the anaerobic mesophilic co-digestion of rice straw (RS) and cow manure (CM), batch tests (2.5L) were carried ...out at volatile solid (VS) ratios of 0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 1:0 (RS/CM), and continuous bench experiments (40 L) were carried out at OLRs of 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, 6.0, 8.0, and 12.0 kg VS/(m(3) d) with optimal VS ratio. The optimal VS ratio was found to be 1:1. Stable and efficient co-digestion with average specific biogas production of 383.5L/kg VS and volumetric biogas production rate of 2.30 m(3)/(m(3) d) was obtained at an OLR of 6 kg VS/(m(3) d). Anaerobic co-digestion was severely inhibited by the accumulation of volatile fatty acids instead of ammonia when the OLR was 12 kg VS/(m(3) d). Further, significant foaming was observed at OLR ⩾ 8 kg VS/(m(3) d).
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