Molecular materials with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), which have been paid much attention recently, are important for applications in optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and biomedical ...probes. To date, single‐component AIE systems are largely developed; however, the knowledge on the aggregation emission properties for multicomponent systems is still rather limited. In this work, it is shown that the AIE can be further extended to two‐component molecular assemblies, with the (naphthylvinyl)pyridine (NP) as the model. The NP‐based two‐component solutions present typical AIE properties, and their aggregation/crystalline states (co‐crystals) further exhibit different fluorescence emission (blue/cyan/green) with variable photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 50.4%. The co‐crystals present adjustable two‐photon fluorescence emission that is absent for the pristine NP solid. Moreover, NP‐based co‐crystals represent smart luminescent switches with reversible changes upon external stimuli (such as heat and base vapor), and the fluorescence visualization can be easily monitored benefitting from their high‐efficiency photoemission and obvious color change. It can be expected that by virtue of facile design of intermolecular interactions (such as halogen/hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions) during co‐aggregation and/or co‐crystallization, the two‐component AIE materials can be readily extended to other fluorphore systems toward tuning high‐efficiency solid‐state emission, two‐photon luminescence, and stimuli‐responsive switching.
(Naphthylvinyl)pyridine (NP)‐based two‐component co‐crystals present typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties and tunable photophysical properties (such as fluorescence color, fluorescence lifetime, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and one/two‐photon emission). In addition, NP‐based co‐crystals also exhibit smart luminescent switching properties with reversible changes upon external stimuli (such as heat and base vapor). Two‐component AIE systems with stimuli‐responsive switches can be developed for dynamic multifunctional materials.
Background
Effects of extreme sleep duration on risk of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes remain controversial. We aimed to quantify the dose‐response relationships of sleep duration with risk of ...all‐cause mortality, total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
Methods and Results
PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for prospective cohort studies published before December 1, 2016, that examined the associations between sleep duration and at least 1 of the 4 outcomes in generally healthy populations. U‐shaped associations were indicated between sleep duration and risk of all outcomes, with the lowest risk observed for ≈7‐hour sleep duration per day, which was varied little by sex. For all‐cause mortality, when sleep duration was <7 hours per day, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.04–1.07) per 1‐hour reduction; when sleep duration was >7 hours per day, the pooled RR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11–1.15) per 1‐hour increment. For total cardiovascular disease, the pooled RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03–1.08) per 1‐hour reduction and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.08–1.16) per 1‐hour increment of sleep duration. For coronary heart disease, the pooled RR was 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03–1.12) per 1‐hour reduction and 1.05 (95% CI, 1.00–1.10) per 1‐hour increment of sleep duration. For stroke, the pooled RR was 1.05 (95% CI, 1.01–1.09) per 1‐hour reduction and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.14–1.21) per 1‐hour increment of sleep duration.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that both short and long sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events.
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•The counties with high abandonment rates are close to 30%, while those with low rates are between 0 and 2%.•The abandoned farmland in Chongqing expanded from the northeast to the ...whole area.•Wild boar invasion has become the leading factor of farmland abandonment.•Ecological restoration and land abandonment are a vicious cycle of mutual causality.•A vicious cycle of farmland abandonment, mainly by wild boars, has emerged.
Farmland abandonment reflects the decline of rural areas, resulting in a series of vicious chain reactions, hindering the promotion of the comprehensive rural revitalization strategy. From the perspective of ecological restoration, this paper integrated multi-source data such as Landsat, GF-1, and Google Earth images and household survey data, aiming to reveal the spatiotemporal pattern, attribution, and mechanism of farmland abandonment in typical mountainous areas over the past 20 years by employing spatial analysis and mathematical models and to promote comprehensive management of abandoned farmland. The results are as follows. (1) The scope of abandoned farmland in Chongqing has been expanding, with the abandoned area growing from 142,385.8 hm2 to 345,778.4 hm2 from 2000 to 2020, with the initially abandoned farmland mostly concentrated in the northeastern areas, such as Chengkou, with an abandonment rate of 21.8%, and thereafter, spreading in all directions; In the end, abandoned farmland was concentrated in northeastern and southeastern Chongqing, such as Wuxi and Youyang, with abandonment rates of approximately 25.1% and 20%, respectively. (2) The attribution of farmland abandonment mainly includes wild boar damage, labour shortage, and natural conditions, among which wild boar proliferation has become an important factor under the background of ecological restoration. (3) Ecological restoration has produced a counter-servicing effect of the ecosystem on human beings, forming a vicious circle in the mountainous countryside where ecological restoration continues to aggravate farmland abandonment. The contribution of this study is to investigate the pattern of farmland abandonment from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. At the same time, this paper explores the intrinsic mechanism between ecological restoration and farmland abandonment and proposes scientific countermeasures to break the vicious cycle of ecological restoration that continues to exacerbate farmland abandonment in mountainous areas.
Pyroptosis, one kind of inflammatory regulated cell death, is involved in various inflammatory diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Besides Gasdermin D (GSDMD), GSDME is a newly identified ...mediator of pyroptosis via the cleavage of caspase-3 generating pyroptotic GSDME-N. Here, we investigated the role of GSDME in renal cellular pyroptosis and AKI pathogenesis employing GSDME-deficient mice and human tubular epithelial cells (TECs) with the interventions of pharmacological and genetic approaches. After cisplatin treatment, GSDME-mediated pyroptosis was induced as shown by the characteristic pyroptotic morphology in TECs, upregulated GSDME-N expression and enhanced release of IL-1β and LDH, and decreased cell viability. Strikingly, silencing GSDME in mice attenuated acute kidney injury and inflammation. The pyroptotic role of GSDME was also verified in human TECs in vitro. Further investigation showed that inhibition of caspase-3 blocked GSDME-N cleavage and attenuated cisplatin-induced pyroptosis and kidney dysfunction. Moreover, deletion of GSDME also protected against kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Taken together, the findings from current study demonstrated that caspase-3/GSDME-triggered pyroptosis and inflammation contributes to AKI, providing new insights into the understanding and treatment of this disease.
Phytohormone biosynthesis and accumulation are essential for plant growth and development and stress responses. Here, we investigated the effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on physiological and ...biochemical mechanisms in cucumber leaves under low-temperature stress. The cucumber seedlings were exposed to treatments as follows: NT (normal temperature, 26 °C/18 °C day/night), and three low-temperature (12 °C/8 °C day/night) treatments: CK (low-temperature stress); EBR (low-temperature and 0.1 μM EBR); and BZR (low-temperature and 4 μM BZR, a specific EBR biosynthesis inhibitor). The results indicated that low-temperature stress proportionately decreased cucumber seedling growth and the strong seedling index, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hormone levels, and EBR biosynthesis gene expression level. However, EBR treatments significantly enhanced cucumber seedling growth and the strong seedling index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, activities of antioxidant enzymes, the cell membrane stability, and endogenous hormones, and upregulated EBR biosynthesis gene expression level, while decreasing ROS and the MDA content. Based on these results, it can be concluded that exogenous EBR regulates endogenous hormones by activating at the transcript level EBR biosynthetic genes, which increases antioxidant enzyme capacity levels and reduces the overproduction of ROS and MDA, protecting chlorophyll and photosynthetic machinery, thus improving cucumber seedling growth.
Despite the increasing application of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) in agriculture, the colonization and succession of the attached microbial community on BDMs during their degradation ...processes remain poorly characterized. Here, we buried four types of commonly used BDMs, including pure polylactic acid (PLA), pure polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and two mixtures of PLA and PBAT (85:15 and 15:85 w/w), and one classic polyethylene (PE) mulch in soil for 5 months. Both plastic components and incubation time significantly shaped the β-diversities of microbiota on the plastic mulches (
< 0.001). Meanwhile, the microbial compositions and community structures on BDMs were significantly different from PE mulch, and when excluding PE mulch, the microbiota varied more with time than by the composition of the four BDMs. The orders
and
were dominant on most BDMs across different time points. The genus
was revealed as a common biomarker for both PLA and PBAT by random-forest model, and all biomarkers for the BDMs belonged to the dominant order
. In addition, degradation-related and pathogen-related functional taxa were enriched in all mulches among all 40 functional groups, while surprisingly, potential pathogens were detected at higher levels on BDMs than PE. For community assembly on all mulches, the drift and dispersal processes played more important roles than selection, and in particular, the contribution of stochastic drift increased during the degradation process of BDMs while selection decreased, while the opposite trend was observed with PE mulch. Overall, our results demonstrated some degradation species and pathogens were specifically enriched on BDMs, though stochastic processes also had important impacts on the community assembly. It suggested that, similar to conventional plastic mulch, the increased usage of BDMs could lead to potential hazards to crops and human health.
Understanding the abundance change of certain bacterial taxa is quite important for the study of soil microbiology. However, the observed differences of relative abundances by high-throughput ...techniques may not accurately reflect those of the actual taxon abundances. This study investigated whether soil microbial abundances coupling with microbial quantities can be more informative in describing the microbial population distribution under different locations. We analyzed relative abundances of the major species in soil microbial communities from Beijing and Tibet grasslands by using 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technique, and quantified the absolute bacterial cell numbers directly or indirectly by multiple culture-independent measurements, including adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and microbial biomass Carbon (MBC). By comparison of the relative abundance and the estimated absolute abundances (EAA) of the major components in soil microbial communities, several dominant phyla, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonates and Planctomycetes, showed significantly different trends. These results indicated that the change in EAA might be more informative in describing the dynamics of a population in a community. Further studies of soil microbes should combine the quantification and relative abundances of the microbial communities for the comparisons among various locations.
In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing were used to simultaneously examine both bacteria and fungi across temporal and spatial scales in activated sludge from ...wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The ratio of fungi to bacteria was 0.43% on average after accounting for the multicopies in 16S rRNA gene (54.63%), indicating the number of fungi was far lower than bacteria in active sludge. The Miseq sequencing results revealed obvious seasonal and spatial variations in bacterial and fungal distribution patterns in WWTPs. Compared to bacteria, fungi showed a lower divergence in alpha and beta diversity, and exhibited less taxonomic diversity in both abundant and rare subcommunities at the class level, suggesting that the fungal community was less variable in this artificial ecosystem. Such variation of microbial communities was significantly correlated with geographical distance, DO, temperature, HRT, SRT, COD, TN and TP. In activated sludge, the main function of bacteria was chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, and nitrogen cycling processes, while the dominant functional guilds of fungi were saprotroph, animal pathogen, and animal endosymbiont. Moreover, both bacteria and fungi could play important roles in the degradation of toxicants, like hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds.
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•In activated sludge samples, fungal to bacteria ratio was less than 1%.•Seasonal and spatial variations were observed in bacterial and fungal communities.•Fungi exhibited lower divergence in taxonomy, alpha and beta diversities than bacteria.•Bacteria and fungi owned different functions but worked jointly in activated sludge.
Distributed control scheme is preferred to the multiple-modules-based system because of the simple structure, low maintenance, and high scalability. This paper proposes a hybrid communication ...topology and a route-switching communication protocol to implement the distributed control applied in the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The hybrid topology consists of multiple paralleled synchronous communication branches and each branch has very small transmission delay, which makes it possible to apply the low-speed communication network, such as 5 Mb/s optical fiber, to reduce the cost and improve the reliability. The route-switching communication protocol promises the global fault response of the STATCOM as quick as 10 μs by switching from the long normal data to the short fault signal when the module fault occurs. Experiments based on the CHB 13-level STATCOM prototype verify the effectiveness, flexibility, and reliability of the proposed topology and protocol.
Abstract Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and osteoporosis (OP) are prevalent diseases in the elderly. This study aims to reveal the clinical association between OSA and OP and explore ...potential crosstalk gene targets. Methods Participants diagnosed with OSA in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2015–2020) were included, and OP was diagnosed based on bone mineral density (BMD). We explored the association between OSA and OP, and utilized multivariate logistic regression analysis and machine learning algorithms to explore the risk factors for OP in OSA patients. Overlapping genes of comorbidity were explored using differential expression analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, and Random Forest (RF) methods. Results In the OSA population, the weighted prevalence of OP was 7.0%. The OP group had more females, lower body mass index (BMI), and more low/middle-income individuals compared to the non-OP group. Female gender and lower BMI were identified as independent risk factors for OP in OSA patients. Gene expression profiling revealed 8 overlapping differentially expressed genes in OP and OSA patients. KCNJ1 , NPR3 and WT1-AS were identified as shared diagnostic biomarkers or OSA and OP, all of which are associated with immune cell infiltration. Conclusion This study pinpointed female gender and lower BMI as OP risk factors in OSA patients, and uncovered three pivotal genes linked to OSA and OP comorbidity, offering fresh perspectives and research targets.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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