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•Properties of FHP and SHP was comparatively investigated.•A comprehensive exploration on rheological properties has been performed.•FHP exhibited more elastic characteristics, while ...its DE and Mw were both lower.
To investigate the characteristics of the pectins from fermented and steeped hawthorn wine pomace (FHP and SHP), they were acid-extracted, respectively, and compared detailedly. The results of esterification degree indicated that these two pectins were both defined as high methoxyl pectin, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Molecular weight of SHP was higher than that of FHP. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the melt temperature of SHP was lower than that of FHP, and the molecular arrangement of SHP is more orderly than FHP. FHP and SHP solutions exhibited shear-thinning properties but SHP had a stronger anti-shear ability. FHP tended to be more elastic-solid as the concentration increased, which was not prominent in SHP. This study suggested that FHP and SHP powder could be new sources of pectin and both pectins could be potentially used as a thicker and stabilizer in food processing.
2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) could have well‐defined arrangements of photo‐ and electro‐active units that serve as electron or hole transport channels for solar energy harvesting and ...conversion, but their insufficient charge transfer and rapid charge recombination impede the sunlight‐driven photocatalytic performance. We report a new donor–acceptor (D–A) system, PyTz‐COF that was constructed from the electron‐rich pyrene (Py) and electron‐deficient thiazolo5,4‐dthiazole (Tz). With its bicontinuous heterojunction, PyTz‐COF demonstrated exceptional optoelectronic properties, photocatalytic ability in superoxide anion radical‐mediated coupling of (arylmethyl)amines and photoelectrochemical activity in sunlight‐driven hydrogen evolution. Remarkably, PyTz‐COF exhibited a photocurrent up to 100 μA cm−2 at 0.2 V vs. RHE and could reach a hydrogen evolution rate of 2072.4 μmol g−1 h−1. This work is paving the way for reticular design of highly efficient and highly active D–A systems for solar energy harvesting and conversion.
A covalent organic framework (COF) constructed from electron‐rich pyrene and electron deficient thiazolo5,4‐dthiazole bears donor–acceptor features. It creates efficient carrier pathways for efficient separation of photogenerated holes and electrons. The COF thus demonstrated high photocatalytic activity for amine‐coupling reactions and hydrogen production through water splitting.
Macroautophagy/autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, plays an important role in the regulation of immune inflammation and nervous system homeostasis. However, the exact role and mechanism ...of autophagy in pain is still unclear. Here, we showed that impaired autophagy flux mainly occurred in astrocytes during the maintenance of neuropathic pain. No matter the stage of neuropathic pain induction or maintenance, activation of autophagy relieved the level of pain, whereas inhibition of autophagy aggravated pain. Moreover, the levels of neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased or decreased following autophagy inhibition or activation. Further study showed that inhibition of autophagy slowed the induction, but increased the maintenance of neuroinflammatory responses, which could be achieved by promoting the binding of TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) to K63 ubiquitinated protein, and increasing the levels of p-MAPK8/JNK (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFKB/NF-κB). Impaired autophagy also reduced the protective effect of astrocytes on neurons against ROS stress because of the decrease in the level of glutathione released by astrocytes, which could be improved by activating the NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2) pathway. We also demonstrated that simultaneous activation of autophagy and the NFE2L2 pathway further relieved pain, compared to activating autophagy alone. Our study provides an underlying mechanism by which autophagy participates in the regulation of neuropathic pain, and a combination of autophagy and NFE2L2 activation may be a new treatment approach for neuropathic pain.
Abbreviation: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxy-guanosine; ACTB: actin, beta; AMPAR: alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor; ATG: autophagy-related; CAMK2/CaMKII: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CCL7: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CQ: chloroquine; GABA: gamma-aminobutyrate; GCLC: glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GSH: glutathione; HMOX1/HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; KEAP1: kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3-II: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form); MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK1/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MMP2: matrix metallopeptidase 2; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAPK14/p38: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; NFE2L2/NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SLC12A5: solute carrier family 12, member 5; SNL: spinal nerve ligation; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor; TRP: transient receptor potential.
The stringent response is a rapid response system that is ubiquitous in bacteria, allowing them to sense changes in the external environment and undergo extensive physiological transformations. ...However, the regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA have extensive and complex regulatory patterns. Our previous studies demonstrated that (p)ppGpp and DksA in
positively co-regulated motility, antibiotic resistance, and environmental tolerance but had opposite roles in biofilm formation. To reveal the cellular functions regulated by (p)ppGpp and DksA comprehensively, the gene expression profiles of wild-type, Δ
, Δ
Δ
, and Δ
Δ
Δ
strains were compared using RNA-Seq. Results showed that (p)ppGpp and DksA repressed the expression of ribosomal synthesis genes and enhanced the expression of genes involved in intracellular energy and material metabolism, amino acid transport and synthesis, flagella formation, and the phosphate transfer system. Additionally, (p)ppGpp and DksA inhibited amino acid utilization (such as arginine and cystine) and chemotaxis in
. Overall, the results of this study unraveled the link between (p)ppGpp and DksA in the metabolic networks, amino acid utilization, and chemotaxis in
and enhanced the understanding of stringent responses in
.
Developing efficient and sensitive MOF-based luminescence sensors for bioactive molecule detection is of great significance and remains a challenge. Benefiting from favorable chemical and thermal ...stability, as well as excellent luminescence performance, a porous Zn(II)Ho(III) heterometallic–organic framework (ZnHoMOF) was selected here as a bifunctional luminescence sensor for the early diagnosis of a toluene exposure biomarker of hippuric acid (HA) through “turn-on” luminescence enhancing response and the daily monitoring of NFT/NFZ antibiotics through “turn-off” quenching effects in aqueous media with high sensitivity, acceptable selectivity, good anti-interference, exceptional recyclability performance, and low detection limits (LODs) of 0.7 ppm for HA, 0.04 ppm for NFT, and 0.05 ppm for NFZ. Moreover, the developed sensor was employed to quantify HA in diluted urine samples and NFT/NFZ in natural river water with satisfactory results. In addition, the sensing mechanisms of ZnHoMOF as a dual-response chemosensor in efficient detection of HA and NFT/NFZ antibiotics were conducted from the view of photo-induced electron transfer (PET), as well as inner filter effects (IFEs), with the help of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and spectral overlap experiments.
DksA is a proteobacterial regulator that binds directly to the secondary channel of RNA polymerase with (p)ppGpp and is responsible for various bacterial physiological activities. While (p)ppGpp is ...known to be involved in the regulation and response of fatty acid metabolism pathways in many foodborne pathogens, the role of DksA in this process has yet to be clarified. This study aimed to characterize the function of DksA on fatty acid metabolism and cell membrane structure in
. Therefore, comparison analysis of gene expression, growth conditions, and membrane permeabilization among the wide-type (WT), DksA-deficient mutant (YEND), and the complemented strain was carried out. It confirmed that deletion of DksA led to a more than four-fold decrease in the expression of fatty acid degradation genes, including
. Additionally, YEND exhibited a smaller growth gap compared to the WT strain at low temperatures, indicating that DksA is not required for the growth of
in cold environments. Given that polymyxin B is a cationic antimicrobial peptide that targets the cell membrane, the roles of DksA under polymyxin B exposure were also characterized. It was found that DksA positively regulates the integrity of the inner and outer membranes of
under polymyxin B, preventing the leakage of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins and ultimately reducing the sensitivity of
to polymyxin B. Taken together, this study provides insights into the functions of DksA and paves the way for novel fungicide development.
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at a two- to three-fold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) than the general population based on population-based data. UC-CRC has generated ...a series of clinical problems, which are reflected in its worse prognosis and higher mortality than sporadic CRC. Chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to the development of UC-CRC, so comprehending the relationship between the proinflammatory factors and epithelial cells together with downstream signaling pathways is the core to elucidate the mechanisms involved in developing of CRC. Clinical studies have shown the importance of early prevention, detection and management of CRC in patients with UC, and colonoscopic surveillance at regular intervals with multiple biopsies is considered the most effective way. The use of endoscopy with targeted biopsies of visible lesions has been supported in most populations. In contrast, random biopsies in patients with high-risk characteristics have been suggested during surveillance. Some of the agents used to treat UC are chemopreventive, the effects of which will be examined in cancers in UC in a population-based setting. In this review, we outline the current state of potential risk factors and chemopreventive recommendations in UC-CRC, with a specific focus on the proinflammatory mechanisms in promoting CRC and evidence for personalized surveillance.
Studies on durability of cementitious materials have focused on harsh environments, but less attention has been paid to low thermal loading situations. In this paper, with the aim of exploring the ...evolution of internal pore pressure and microcrack extension of cementitious under low thermal environment, cement paste specimens with thermal environment slightly below 100 °C and three water-binder ratios (0.4, 0.45 and 0.5) and four fly ash admixtures (0, 10%, 20% and 30%) were designed. Firstly, the internal pore pressure of the cement paste was tested; secondly, the average effective pore pressure of the cement paste was calculated; and finally, the phase field method was used to explore the expansion of microcracks inside the cement paste when the temperature gradually increased. It was found that the internal pore pressure of the paste showed a decreasing trend as the water-binder ratio and fly ash admixture increased, and the numerical simulation found that the sprouting and development of cracks were delayed when 10% fly ash was added to the cement paste, which was consistent with the experimental results. This work provides a basis for the durability development of concrete under low thermal environment.
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