The syntactic form "NP1+lai+NP2" is a homomorphism that is loaded with multiple types of constructions. The article focuses on two of them: plan implementation construction and task matching ...construction, which differ in usage contexts, constructional meaning, constructional features and productivity. The function-special lai construction and lai have both internal and external semantic meanings: the internal semantics is unified displacement, and the external is the different functional meaning and contextual meaning, with the cooperation mechanism of the two semantics being ostensive-inferential communication. In the case of the pro-verb of lai, construction preference is a more reasonable perspective than lexical substitution, In the case of the pro-verb of lai, construction preference is a more reasonable perspective than lexical substitution. It can be argued that construction preference is the essence of lai as a pro-verb. The article ends with a brief discussion of the structuralist and constructionist
Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a core reaction responsible for converting renewable electricity into storable fuels; yet, it is kinetically challenging, because of the complex ...proton-coupled multielectron transfer process. Transition-metal-based electrocatalysts, which provide the possibility for the realization of low-cost, high-activity, and stable OER in alkaline solution, therefore have attracted significant research interest in recent years. A fundamental understanding of composition–structure–activity relationships for these electrocatalysts is essential to guide the design of practical electrocatalysts for industrial applications. With more advanced ex situ and in situ techniques to determine the active sites, there has been increasing evidence revealing the critical role of Fe in the high performance of Fe-containing transition metal-based electrocatalysts. Here, we present a critical review of recent progress in Fe-containing electrocatalysts for OER, highlighting the significant role of Fe in enhancing the OER activity. We outline the historical development of the Fe-containing electrocatalysts, summarize the conflicting viewpoints on catalytic active sites, and offer guidelines for more rigorous identification. The synthesis techniques and the major challenges in improving the intrinsic catalytic activity and stability are discussed. Finally, a perspective regarding emerging issues yet to be explored for developing OER electrocatalysts for practical applications are also provided.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar-fuel conversion is a promising approach to converting energy from sunlight into storable chemical fuels. The development of low cost, highly efficient, and stable ...semiconductor-based photoelectrodes is a key step in realizing economically viable PEC energy conversion on a global scale. The p-type Cu-based metal oxides possess a wide range of bandgap values and favorable band edges relative to the water splitting redox couples, thus providing promising candidates for PEC solar conversion applications. However, the improvement of the PEC performance for the binary and ternary copper-based metal oxides is severely hindered by the chemical instability and/or unsatisfactory optoelectronic properties. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the key limitations, improvement strategies, and progress of these materials is critical to design high performance and stable photocathodes. Here, we outline the development of p-type binary and ternary Cu-based metal oxide photocathodes, discuss the merits and major challenges of these p-type materials, and present the latest research effort in modifying the materials towards high-performance photocathodes. The critical strategies that have been successfully employed for Cu
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O-based solar cells and photocathodes are emphasized to offer guidelines to advance emerging Cu-based photocathodes. Emphasis is placed on the determination of the faradaic efficiency and onset potential of hydrogen generation for the modified photocathodes to properly evaluate the performance and design tandem devices that achieve bias-free solar water splitting. Furthermore, perspectives regarding emerging issues yet to be addressed for the development of Cu-based metal oxide photocathodes with high photocurrent and photovoltage are also presented.
In this review, we discuss the merits and major challenges of p-type binary and ternary Cu-based metal oxide photocathodes and present the latest research effort in modifying the materials towards high-performance photocathodes.
Graphene and two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique properties that cannot be obtained in their bulk counterparts. These ...atomically thin 2D materials have demonstrated strong light-matter interactions, tunable optical bandgap structures and unique structural and electrical properties, rendering possible the high conversion efficiency of solar energy with a minimal amount of active absorber material. The isolated 2D monolayer can be stacked into arbitrary van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures without the need to consider lattice matching. Several combinations of 2D/3D and 2D/2D materials have been assembled to create vdWs heterojunctions for photovoltaic (PV) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion. However, the complex, less-constrained, and more environmentally vulnerable interface in a vdWs heterojunction is different from that of a conventional, epitaxially grown heterojunction, engendering new challenges for surface and interface engineering. In this review, the physics of band alignment, the chemistry of surface modification and the behavior of photoexcited charge transfer at the interface during PV and PEC processes will be discussed. We will present a survey of the recent progress and challenges of 2D/3D and 2D/2D vdWs heterojunctions, with emphasis on their applicability to PV and PEC devices. Finally, we will discuss emerging issues yet to be explored for 2D materials to achieve high solar energy conversion efficiency and possible strategies to improve their performance.
Mainstream policies encourage pastoralists to apply credit loans and input exogenous fodder to alleviate the stress caused by climatic variability and uncertainty. Such external inputs induce new ...driving forces to the coupled pastoral social-ecological system (SES), but their long-term impacts are not fully understood. Taking Sonid Left Banner of Inner Mongolia as a case study area, we applied an agent-based model and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the impacts of fodder import and credit loans on the resilience of pastoral SES in terms of pastoralist household livelihood, livestock production, and rangeland health. The results showed that the strategy of importing fodder only in natural disaster years could make the pastoral SES more resilient to climatic variability, while frequent importing of fodder in climatically normal years would increase the vulnerability of the pastoral SES. Credit loans could enhance the resilience of the pastoral SES in general if fodder is not imported or only imported in disaster years, but could reduce the resilience if fodder is imported frequently. Our findings revealed several differences with previous research on fodder input and credit loan effects, indicating that relevant policies should be holistically evaluated from the perspective of social-ecological systems.
A vertically aligned Ta3N5 nanorod photoelectrode is fabricated by through‐mask anodization and nitridation for water splitting. The Ta3N5 nanorods, working as photoanodes of a photoelectrochemical ...cell, yield a high photocurrent density of 3.8 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight and an incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of 41.3% at 440 nm, one of the highest activities reported for photoanodes so far.
A highly efficient low-band-gap (1.2–0.8 eV) photoelectrode is critical for accomplishing efficient conversion of visible–near-infrared sunlight into storable hydrogen. Herein, we report an Sb2Se3 ...polycrystalline thin-film photocathode having a low band gap (1.2–1.1 eV) for efficient hydrogen evolution for wide solar-spectrum utilization. The photocathode was fabricated by a facile thermal evaporation of a single Sb2Se3 powder source onto the Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrate, followed by annealing under Se vapor and surface modification with an antiphotocorrosive CdS/TiO2 bilayer and Pt catalyst. The fabricated Sb2Se3(Se-annealed)/CdS/TiO2/Pt photocathode achieves a photocurrent density of ca. −8.6 mA cm–2 at 0 VRHE, an onset potential of ca. 0.43 VRHE, a stable photocurrent for over 10 h, and a significant photoresponse up to the near-infrared region (ca. 1040 nm) in near-neutral pH buffered solution (pH 6.5) under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight. The obtained photoelectrochemical performance is attributed to the reliable synthesis of a micrometer-sized Sb2Se3 (Se-annealed) thin film as photoabsorber and the successful construction of an appropriate p–n heterojunction at the electrode–liquid interface for effective charge separation. The demonstration of a low-band-gap and high-performance Sb2Se3 photocathode with facile fabrication might facilitate the development of cost-effective PEC devices for wide solar-spectrum utilization.
The effects of preparation methods, calcination times, and La doping concentrations on the crystallinity, visible light absorption, and photocatalytic water splitting performance of Rh- and ...La-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La/Rh) were investigated. Applying a two-step solid state reaction in which SrTiO3 acted as a perovskite-type host produced core/shell structured SrTiO3:La/Rh, the surface of which was enriched with the dopants. La doping suppressed the formation of oxygen vacancies and inactive Rh4+ species. Under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), SrTiO3:La/Rh exhibited 3.5 and 3.8 times higher rates of H2 evolution in an aqueous methanol solution and during redox-free Z-scheme overall water splitting in combination with Ir/CoO x /Ta3N5, respectively, compared to SrTiO3:Rh. The solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of the Z-scheme system as measured under illumination with simulated sunlight (AM1.5G) was found to have improved by a factor of 3.
The ubiquitin‐proteasome system, which is one of the systems for cell protein homeostasis and degradation, happens through the ordered and coordinated action of three types of enzymes, E1 ...ubiquitin‐activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin‐carrier enzyme, E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase. Tripartite motif‐containing (TRIM) family proteins are the richest subfamily of really interesting new gene E3 ubiquitin ligases, which play a critical role not only in many biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, pyroptosis, innate immunity, and autophagy, but also many diseases like cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disease. Increasing evidence suggests that TRIM family proteins play a vital role in modulating autophagy, pyroptosis, and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of TRIM proteins in the regulation of autophagy, pyroptosis, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic complications.
Stroke is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Among stroke patients, malnutrition is a significant problem that contributes to poor outcome. Clinical evidence is required to identify ...risk factors for malnutrition and to adopt appropriate management strategies during early stroke intervention. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of potential risk factors related to malnutrition in stroke patients.
We systemically searched relevant observational studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBLD), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and VIP Database of Chinese periodicals from January 1990 to September 2017 in any language. Patients included in this study were adults who suffered from stroke. Stata 12.0 and Review Manager 5.1 software were used to pool useful data and calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also performed heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses, and evaluated publication bias.
Twenty-nine observational studies involving 8838 participants who met our inclusion criteria were incorporated into the meta-analysis, and thirteen risk factors related to malnutrition were studied. The following variables probably correlated with an increased risk of malnutrition in stroke patients: malnutrition on admission (OR = 8.34, 95% CI = 4.60–15.10, P < 0.00001), dysphagia (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 2.24–3.03, P < 0.00001), previous stroke (OR = 3.04, 95% CI = 2.35–3.95, P < 0.00001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.35–2.38, P < 0.0001), tube feeding (OR = 5.43, 95% CI = 3.99–7.37, P < 0.00001) and reduced level of consciousness (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 2.12–3.75, P < 0.00001). The factors alcohol consumption, hypertension, male sex, depressed mood, pneumonia and infection need to be re-evaluated. Conversely, smoking was most likely not associated with post-stroke malnutrition.
Our meta-analysis has revealed a variety of risk factors for malnutrition during hospital stay among stroke patients. Early identification of these factors is warranted for improving patient outcomes.
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