Summary
Despite a much higher proportion of intragenic heterochromatin‐containing genes in crop genomes, the importance of intragenic heterochromatin in crop development remains unclear. Intragenic ...heterochromatin can be recognised by a protein complex, ASI1–AIPP1–EDM2 (AAE) complex, to regulate alternative polyadenylation.
Here, we investigated the impact of rice ASI1 on global poly(A) site usage through poly(A) sequencing and ASI1‐dependent regulation on rice development.
We found that OsASI1 is essential for rice pollen development and flowering. OsASI1 dysfunction has an important impact on global poly(A) site usage, which is closely related to heterochromatin marks. Intriguingly, OsASI1 interacts with the intronic heterochromatin of OsXRNL, a nuclear XRN family exonuclease gene involved in the processing of an miRNA precursor, to promote the processing of full‐length OsXRNL and regulate miRNA abundance. We found that OsASI1‐mediated regulation of pollen development partially depends on OsXRNL. Finally, we characterised the rice AAE complex and its involvement in alternative polyadenylation and pollen development.
Our findings help to elucidate an epigenetic mechanism governing miRNA abundance and rice development, and provide a valuable resource for studying the epigenetic mechanisms of many important processes in crops.
Despite the recent development of boryl radical reactions, current methods to generate them by relying on photocatalysts or radical initiators cause contamination of the reaction. Herein, a novel ...system for generating boryl radicals has been developed without using photocatalysts or external radical initiators, and only a catalytic amount of thiol has been used. The success of this approach depends on the dual role of thiol as a proton donor and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. The thiol first reacts with NHC-borane to give boryl sulphides
via
a dehydrocoupling reaction, and then they undergo
in situ
cleavage of their B-S bond through photochemical reactions. The radicals obtained were later involved in a fast thiol-catalyzed HAT reaction, affording the hydroboration products. This strategy enables the regioselective hydroboration for scalable synthesis of α- or β-borylated products from many kinds of α,β-unsaturated alkenes and styrenes in good to excellent yields, with broad functional group compatibility at room temperature. The reaction could also be extended to radical-type nucleophilic addition to imines. This unprecedented protocol is anticipated to find potential application in other boryl radical-involved reactions by using boryl sulphides through photochemical reactions.
A general photo-induced regioselective hydroboration of alkenes without photocatalyst or an external initiator has been developed through
in situ
formed boryl radicals. Thiol plays the dual role as a proton donor and hydrogen atom transfer catalyst.
The circular RNAs (circRNAs) involved in competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism are critical modulators affecting pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma (TC). The study's goal was to investigate the ...effects of circ 0003747 on the biological progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Normal thyroid cells Nthy-ori3-1 and TC derived cell lines were used in our study. Sanger sequencing and RNase R treatment were utilized for validating the circular structure of circ_0003747. In our work, circ_0003747 was found to be highly expressed in TC cells. Circ_0003747 knockdown reduced TC cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion while increasing cell apoptosis. Circ_0003747 targeted and negatively regulated miR-338-3p expression. Besides, miR-338-3p interacted with PLCD3 to repress its expression. Overexpression of miR-338-3p inhibited TC cell progression, and PLCD3 reversed these effects. Furthermore, PLCD3 overexpression reversed the effects of circ_0003747 knockdown on TC cells. Additionally, the knockdown of circ_0003747 remarkably suppressed tumour size and growth, restrained PLCD3 expression and promoted miR-338-3p expression in nude mice. In conclusion, circ_0003747 facilitated the biological progression of TC by modulating the miR-338-3p/PLCD3 axis, and it may be a new target for TC treatment.
Abbreviations: TC: Thyroid carcinoma; PTC: Papillary thyroid carcinoma; CircRNAs: Circular RNAs; MiRNA: MicroRNA; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PLCD3: Phospholipase C Delta 3; CeRNA: Competitive endogenous RNA
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is mainly caused by parathyroid adenoma, which produces excess parathyroid hormones. Its pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. To investigate ...the mechanism in the pathogenesis of PHPT, the transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of parathyroid adenoma were analyzed. The candidate genes that may be involved in the PHPT were verified via qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot, and methylation-specific PCR. A total of 1650 differentially expressed genes and 2373 differentially methylated regions were identified. After the integration of its transcriptome and DNA methylation data, IL6, SYP, GNA01, and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were the candidate genes that demonstrated a similar pattern between their mRNA expression and DNA methylation status. Of the 4 candidate genes, POMC, a pro-peptide which is processed to a range of bioactive peptide products like ACTH, was further confirmed to be expressed at low levels at both the mRNA and protein levels, which may be due to POMC promoter hypermethylation. Hypermethylation of the POMC promoter may contribute to its low expression, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of PHPT.
Manganese-based oxides are common cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) because of their great capacity and high working voltage. However, the sharp decline of capacity caused by ...the dissolution of manganese-based cathode materials and the low-rate performance restrict their development. To address these problems, unique core–shell structured Mn2O3@ZnMn2O4/C hollow microspheres are reported as an ideal cathode material for AZIBs. Benefiting from the hollow structure, the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-derived carbon and ZnMn2O4. Its application in AZIBs as the cathode demonstrates its satisfactory rate performance, high cycle stability, and excellent reversibility. Its high reversible capacity is remarkable, which reaches its maximum of 289.9 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 and maintains a capacity of 203.5 mA h g−1 after cycling for 700 times at 1000 mA g−1. These excellent performances indicate that this material is a potential cathode material of AZIBs.
The anchoring frame beam is a widely used supporting structure in slope engineering. In this work, the dynamic behavior of anchoring frame beam under earthquake loading was studied by means of ...shaking table test and dynamic numerical simulation. The results of numerical simulation were compared with the test results in terms of the horizontal acceleration amplification, the vertical acceleration amplification, and the time history of displacement response. The behavior of axial stress of anchor was mainly studied by dynamic numerical simulation. The numerical results are generally consistent with those apparent in shaking table test. The results show that the natural frequency of the supported soil slope presents a decreasing trend during the shaking table test. The soil slope performs an amplification effect on input horizontal acceleration in time domain, and the energy within a frequency range that is around the natural frequency of soil slope is also amplified. Both the horizontal and the vertical acceleration amplifications present an increasing trend with the increase in input acceleration. The acceleration amplification differs greatly under different seismic motions. The frame beam presents a translation displacement together with a rotation around the vertex of frame beam. The residual deformation of frame beam increases obviously with the increase of input acceleration. A larger value of axial stress is observed at the anchor located at the bottom of frame beam. The axial stress of anchor decreases rapidly in anchorage segment, and it tends to zero within a short length under Wenchuan shaking event. The distribution curve of axial stress along the length of anchor presents two peak values after earthquake loading, which is much different from that induced by the self-weight.
•Behavior of anchoring frame beam in earthquakes is studied by test and simulation.•Soil slope amplifies acceleration and frequency amplitude around natural frequency.•The acceleration amplification differs under different seismic motions.•The frame beam shows a translation deformation with a rotation around the vertex.•Axial stress of anchor decreases rapidly within a short length in anchorage segment.
Abstract
The wave environment is the main service environment of surface aircraft in the process of surface duty. In order to comprehensively study the operating characteristics of aircraft under ...this condition, it is necessary to conduct research on wave parameter modeling methods and simulation technology based on different wave conditions. This paper adopts the three-dimensional potential theory and ball model to calculate the different wave cases. A high-precision numerical simulation method of complex sea conditions is formed by mastering the numerical wave-making technology of typical regular and irregular waves. The result shows that the regular simulation in this paper has a high precision that the wave height and period is in 1% error compared with theory. The calculation error of spectral peak and peak frequency of sea states at all levels are within ± 8%, and the simulation quality of irregular waves meets the calculation requirements.
Available information on the microbial mechanisms associated with heavy metal (HM) passivation during co-composting amended with phosphate rock (PR) remains limited. Thus, this study investigated the ...dynamic changes in bacterial communities and HM-fractions (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb) during swine manure composting with maize straw, and ascertained the bacterial influence on HM-passivation. The results demonstrated that the addition of PR improved HM-passivation, especially for Zn and Cd, with their bioavailability factors (BFs) reduced by 247.41 and 176.25%, respectively. As for bacterial communities, the proportion of Firmicutes decreased, while the proportions of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus and Gemmatimonadetes increased in all treatments. PR significantly changed the primary bacterial phyla in the thermophilic phase. Bacteroidetes were the main bacterial component controlling the passivation of Zn, Cu and Cr, while Deinococcus-Thermus mainly regulated the mobility of Zn and Pb, and Proteobacteria only dominated the transformation among Cd-fractions. These results may provide a reference for the use of HM-passivation techniques during composting.
Melanoma is the most aggressive malignant skin tumor and arises from melanocytes. The resistance of melanoma cells to various treatments results in rapid tumor growth and high mortality. As a local ...therapeutic modality, photodynamic therapy has been successfully applied for clinical treatment of skin diseases. Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment method for various types of malignant tumors in humans and, compared to conventional treatment methods, has fewer side effects, and is more accurate and non-invasive. Although several
in vivo
and
in vitro
studies have shown encouraging results regarding the potential benefits of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma, its clinical application remains limited owing to its relative inefficiency. This review article discusses the use of photodynamic therapy in melanoma treatment as well as the latest progress made in deciphering the mechanism of tolerance. Lastly, potential targets are identified that may improve photodynamic therapy against melanoma cells.
Accurately identifying important areas of biodiversity is one of the key issues in ecology and biodiversity research, as well as an important basis for the delineation of the red line for ecologi-cal ...protection and territorial spatial planning. With China's typical plateau mountainous area (Yunnan Province) as a research case, we used the net primary productivity (NPP) quantitative index method, InVEST model and InVEST model focusing on topographic relief to identify biodiversity important areas. The results showed that NPP quantitative index method was not suitable for the plateau mountainous areas with obvious vertical zonal development. The identified area contained only 26.1% of the protected areas. The InVEST model had higher identification accuracy than the NPP quantitative index method in Yunnan Province. The identified area covered 49.4% of the protected natural areas. Fragmentation was obvious in northwest Yunnan. The InVEST model focusing on topographic relief improved the identification accuracy of
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