A complete screening of compositions of crystallizing products of hybrid perovskites in the most popular dimethylformamide (DMF)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvents is performed for various cations ...(FA+/MA+) and anions (I–/Br–). We found four new solvate phases of formamidinium hybrid perovskites, (FA)2Pb3I8·4DMF, FAPbI3·2DMF, (FA)5Pb2I9·0.5DMSO, and even the bromide solvate (FA)2PbBr4·DMSO. These compounds are observed for the first time, and their refined crystal structures showed large cells of unique types dependent on solvent and perovskite compositions. We also monitored crystallization pathways of multicompositional thin films and identified phases that are able to crystallize from mixed cation and anion solutions. Based on the obtained data, we performed a deep analysis of the structural peculiarities of all the solvate phases observed in the screened compositional space and discussed how the solution composition would predetermine the early stages of crystallization of target perovskite films.
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Solution crystallization techniques of hybrid lead halides for perovskite photovoltaics, while remaining the most common method for fabricating solar cells, are inevitably complicated ...by the formation of numerous intermediate solvates that predetermine the morphology and properties of the final perovskite light-harvesting layer. Here, for the first time, a chemical classification of known solvates is proposed based on a comprehensive analysis of their structural features and relationships with possible structural types.
The deposition of high levels of fat in broiler breeder hens can have a profound impact on follicular development and laying performance. This study was formulated with the goal of comparing egg ...production and follicular development characteristics at different laying stages in the Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). The egg production was analyzed using the birds from the 19th to 24th generations of NEAUHLF; the follicular development characteristics were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using the birds from the 24th generation of NEAUHLF. The results showed that the age at first egg of lean hens was significantly earlier than that of fat hens in this study. While no significant differences in total egg output from the first egg to 50 wk of age were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines, lean hens laid more eggs from the first egg to 35 wk of age relative to fat hens, whereas fat hens laid more eggs from wk 36 to 42 and 43 to 50 relative to their lean counterparts. No differences in ovarian morphology and small yellow follicle (SYF) histological characteristics were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines at 27 wk of age. At 35 and 52 wk of age, however, lean hens exhibited significantly lower ovarian weight, ovarian proportion values, numbers of hierarchical follicles, hierarchical follicle weight, and SYF granulosa layer thickness as compared to fat hens, together with a significant increase in the number of prehierarchical follicles relative to those in fat hens. Gene expression analyses suggested that follicle selection was impaired in the fat hens in the early laying stage, whereas both follicle selection and maturation were impaired in the lean hens in the middle and late laying stages. Overall, these data highlight that fat deposition in broiler hens can have a range of effects on follicular development and egg production that are laying stage-dependent.
Feed consumption represents a major cost in poultry production and improving feed efficiency is one of the important goals in breeding strategies. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship ...between feed efficiency and relevant traits and find the proper selection method for improving feed efficiency by using the Northeast Agricultural University High and Low Fat broiler lines that were divergently selected for abdominal fat content. A total of 899 birds were used to measure the feed intake (FI), abdominal fat weight (AFW), and body weight traits. The abdominal fat percentage (AFP), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the residual feed intake (RFI) were calculated for each individual broiler. The differences in the AFW, AFP, and in traits relevant to feed efficiency, such as FCR and RFI, between the fat line and the lean line were analyzed, and the genetic parameters were estimated for AFW, AFP, and feed efficiency relevant traits. The results showed that AFW, AFP, body weight gain (BWG), FI, FCR, and RFI were significantly higher in the fat line compared with the lean line. The heritability of FI, BWG, FCR, RFI, AFW, and AFP were 0.45, 0.28, 0.36, 0.38, 0.33, and 0.30, respectively. Both FCR and RFI showed high positive genetic correlations with FI, AFW, and AFP and relatively low, negative genetic correlations with BWG. The RFI showed much higher positive genetic correlation with the abdominal fat traits than FCR. In addition, the FCR showed negative genetic correlation with body weight of 4 wk (BW4) and 7 wk (BW7), whereas RFI showed positive genetic correlation with BW4 and BW7. The results showed that both RFI and FCR could be used for improving feed efficiency. When selecting against RFI, the AFP could be significantly reduced, and by selecting against FCR, the body weight could be improved simultaneously.
Growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota factors cannot be viewed as independent in the occurrence of obesity. Because the gut microbiome is highly dimensional and complex, studies on ...interactions between gut microbiome and host in obesity are still rare. To explore the relationship of gut microbiome-host interactions with obesity, we performed multi-omics associations of gut metagenome, intestinal transcriptome, and host obesity phenotypes in divergently selected obese-lean broiler lines. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing generated a total of 450 gigabases of clean data from 80 intestinal segment contents of 20 broilers (10 of each line). The microbiome comparison showed that microbial diversity and composition in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ceca were altered variously between the lean- and fat-line broilers. We identified two jejunal microbes (
and
) and four cecal microbes (
sp.
,
,
, and
sp.
), which were significantly different between the two lines (FDR < 0.05). When comparing functional metagenome, the fat-line broilers had an intensive microbial metabolism in the duodenum and jejunum but degenerative microbial activities in the ileum and ceca. mRNA-sequencing identified a total of 1,667 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the four intestinal compartments between the two lines (| log2FC| > 1.5 and FDR < 0.05). Multi-omics associations showed that the 14 microbial species with abundances that were significantly related with abdominal fat relevant traits (AFRT) also have significant correlations with 155 AFRT-correlated DEG (
< 0.05). These DEG were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, immune system, transport and catabolism, and cell growth-related pathways. The present study constructed a gut microbial gene catalog of the obese-lean broiler lines. Intestinal transcriptome and metagenome comparison between the two lines identified candidate DEG and differential microbes for obesity, respectively. Multi-omics associations suggest that abdominal fat deposition may be influenced by the interactions of specific gut microbiota abundance and the expression of host genes in the intestinal compartments in which the microbes reside. Our study explored the interactions between gut microbiome and host intestinal gene expression in lean and obese broilers, which may expand knowledge on the relationships between obesity and gut microbiome.
As an excellent chicken breed found in a high-altitude zone of northern China, Lindian chickens are characterized by good egg and meat production, strong adaptability, cold tolerance, rough feeding ...resistance, excellent egg quality, and delicious meat quality. To facilitate the exploitation of the unique qualities of the Lindian chicken, the varying patterns and correlations of various body size and carcass traits of 3-22-week-old Lindian chickens were analyzed in this study. The optimal growth model of these traits was determined by growth curve fitting analysis. The results showed that most traits of Lindian chickens increased steadily with increasing age, and most of them increased rapidly before 10 weeks of age. In addition, the inflection point age of each trait was predicted to be between 4 and 10 weeks. Furthermore, this study revealed that body size traits were closely related to carcass traits in Lindian chickens. In summary, Lindian chickens are in a rapid growth stage before the age of 10 weeks, and better slaughter performance can be achieved through good feeding management during this stage. The reproductive traits and muscles are the main developmental focus after the age of 19 weeks, so it is important to adequately meet their energy requirements for subsequent good breeding performance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The transcription factor TCF21 has been previously shown to be specifically expressed in white preadipocytes in mice. However, the exact biological function of TCF21 in the context of adipogenesis ...remains unknown. In the current study, we used chicken lines selected based on their abdominal fat content, and observed a significant decrease in TCF21 mRNA and protein levels in the abdominal fat of lean broilers relative to fat broilers. Moreover, TCF21 expression increased throughout preadipocyte differentiation
. We also found that TCF21 knockdown and over-expression attenuated and promoted preadipocyte differentiation, respectively, as evidenced by appropriate changes in lipid droplet accumulation and altered expressions of
,
, and
. Additional chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and luciferase assays demonstrated that TCF21 promotes the transcription of
by directly binding to the E-box motif in the
promoter. Together, these results show that TCF21 is a novel regulator of preadipocyte differentiation, in part by directly promoting LPL expression.
Through posttranscriptional gene regulation, microRNA (miRNA) is linked to a wide variety of biological processes, including adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Although miRNAs in mammalian ...adipogenesis have been worked on extensively, their study in chicken adipogenesis is still very limited. To find miRNAs potentially important for chicken preadipocyte development, we compared the preadipocyte miRNA expression profiles in two broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content, by sequencing two small RNA libraries constructed for primary preadipocytes isolated from abdominal adipose tissues. After bioinformatics analyses, from chicken miRNAs deposited in miRBase 20.0, we identified 225 miRNAs to be expressed in preadipocytes, 185 in the lean line and 200 in the fat line (derived from 208 and 203 miRNA precursors, respectively), which corresponds to 114 miRNA families. The let-7 family miRNAs were the most abundant. Furthermore, we validated the sequencing results of 15 known miRNAs by qRT-PCR, and confirmed that the expression levels of most miRNAs correlated well with those of Solexa sequencing. A total of 33 miRNAs was significantly differentially expressed between the two chicken lines (P<0.05). Gene ontology analysis revealed that they could target genes enriched in the regulation of gene transcription and chromatin function, response to insulin stimulation, and IGF-1 signaling pathways, which could have important roles in preadipocyte development. Therefore, a valuable information and resource of miRNAs on chicken adipogenesis were provided in this study. Future functional investigations on these miRNAs could help explore related genes and molecular networks fundamental to preadipocyte development.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we introduce two new classes $\mathcal{B}_{\Sigma}^\lambda(m,\mu)$ of $\lambda$-pseudo bi-starlike functions and $\mathcal{L}_{\Sigma}^\eta(m,\beta)$ to determine the bounds for ...$|a_2|$ and $|a_3|,$ where $a_2$, $a_3$ are the initial Taylor coefficients of $f\in\mathcal{B}_{\Sigma}^\lambda(m,\mu)$ and $f\in\mathcal{L}_{\Sigma}^\eta(m,\beta).$ Also, we attain the upper bounds of the Fekete-Szegö inequality by means of the results of $|a_2|$ and $|a_3|$.
Perilipin1 (PLIN1), the most abundant lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, plays a vital role in regulating lipid storage and breakdown in adipocytes. Recently, we found that the overexpression of ...PLIN1 promotes chicken preadipocyte lipid accumulation. However, the mechanisms by which transcription of the chicken
PLIN1
gene is regulated remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) in transcription of the chicken
PLIN1
gene. Notably, reporter gene and expression assays showed that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken
PLIN1
gene in a PPARγ-independent manner. Furthermore, promoter deletion and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis revealed that the chicken
PLIN1
gene promoter region (-774/-785) contains an RXRα-binding site. Further study demonstrated that RXRα overexpression promotes differentiation of an immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell line (ICP1), causing a concomitant increase in
PLIN1
transcripts. Taken together, our results show for the first time that RXRα activates transcription of the chicken
PLIN1
gene in a PPARγ-independent manner, which might be at least in part responsible for RXRα-induced adipogenesis.
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