Multiple cladding modes can exist in a small-core optical fiber unaccompanied by core modes, yet this fact has not been sufficiently explored in the literature to date. In this paper, we study the ...self-imaging of cladding modes in small-core optical fiber interferometers. Our analytical and numerical simulations and experiments show that unlike the self-imaging of core modes, self-imaging of cladding modes only appears at a set of discrete positions along the interferometer axis with an equal spacing corresponding to some discrete values of fiber core radius. This is the first observation of the discrete self-imaging effect in multimode waveguides. More strikingly, the self-imaging period of cladding modes grows exponentially with fiber core radius, unlike the quadratic relationship in the case of core modes. The findings bring new insights into the mode propagation in an optical fiber with a core at micro/nanoscale, which may open new avenues for exploring multimode fiber technologies in both linear and nonlinear optics.
A simple volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor based on a tapered small core singlemode fiber (SCSMF) structure is reported. The tapered SCSMF fiber structure with a waist diameter of 7.0 μm is ...fabricated using a customized microheater brushing technique. Silica based material containing immobilized Nile red was prepared by a sol-gel method and was used as a coating applied to the surface of the tapered fiber structure. Different coating thicknesses created by a 2-pass and 4-pass coating process are investigated. The experiments demonstrate that both sensors show a linear response at different gas concentrations to all three tested VOCs (methanol, ethanol and acetone). The sensor with a thicker coating shows better sensitivities but longer response and recovery times. The best measurement resolutions for the 4-pass coating sensor are estimated to be 2.3 ppm, 1.5 ppm and 3.1 ppm for methanol, ethanol and acetone, respectively. The fastest response and recovery time of 1 min and 5 min are demonstrated by the sensor in the case of methanol.
In this paper we propose and investigate a novel magnetic field sensor based of a ring erbium-doped fiber laser combined with a fiber Bragg grating and a Sagnac loop containing a microfiber coupler ...and magnetic fluid. In addition to the magnetic field sensing capability, the proposed structure can simultaneously provide temperature information. Thanks to the dual-ring structure of the MFC-Sagnac loop and the FBG-assisted resonant cavity, the output has two distinct laser peaks. Experimentally demonstrated magnetic field sensitivity of one of the laser peaks is 15 pm/mT in the magnetic field range from 0 to 100 mT. The spectral position of the second laser peak is independent on the magnetic field but shifts towards long wavelengths with a sensitivity of 13 pm/°C.
The depressed core fiber (DCF), consisting of a low-index solid core, a high-index cladding and air surrounding, is in effect a bridge between the conventional step-index fiber and the tube-type ...hollow-core fiber from the point of view of the index profile. In this paper the dispersion diagram of a DCF is obtained by solving the full-vector eigenvalue equations and analyzed using the theory of anti-resonant and the inhibited coupling mechanisms. While light propagation in tube-type hollow-core fibers is commonly described by the symmetric planar waveguide model, here we propose an asymmetric planar waveguide for the DCFs in an anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) model. It is found that the anti-resonant core modes in the DCFs have real effective indices, compared to the anti-resonant core modes with complex effective indices in the tube-type hollow-core fibers. The anti-resonant core modes in the DCFs exhibit similar qualitative and quantitative behavior as the core modes in the conventional step-index fibers. The full-vector analytical results for the simple-structure DCFs can contribute to a better understanding of the anti-resonant and inhibited coupling guidance mechanisms in other complex inversed index fibers.
A high-index polymer coated no-core fiber (PC-NCF) is effectively a depressed core fiber, where the light is guided by the anti-resonant, inhibited coupling and total internal reflection effects, and ...the dispersion diagram shows periodic resonant and anti-resonant bands. In this article, the transmission spectra of the straight and bent PC-NCFs (length > 5 cm) are measured and analyzed from a modal dispersion perspective. For the purpose of the study, the PC-NCFs are contained within a fiber hetero-structure using two single-mode fiber (SMF) pigtails forming a SMF-PC-NCF-SMF structure. The anti-resonant spectral characteristics are suppressed by the multimode interference in the PC-NCF with a short fiber length. The increase of the length or fiber bending (bend radius > 28 cm) can make the anti-resonance dominate and result in the periodic transmission loss dips and variations in the depth of these loss dips, due to the different modal intensity distributions in different bands and the material absorption of the polymer. The PC-NCFs are expected to be used in many devices including curvature sensors and tunable loss filters, as the experiments show that the change of loss dip around 1550 nm is over 31 dB and the average sensitivity is up to 14.77 dB/m -1 in the bend radius range from ∞ to 47.48 cm. Our study details the general principles of the effect of high-index layers in the formation of the transmission loss dips in fiber optics.
•Novel fiber sensor to detect solid-liquid phase change in n-octadecane is proposed.•Sensor directly detects a phase transition through one in-situ measurement.•Step like output power change of the ...sensor is caused by n-octadecane refractivity.•Sensor has a strong resistance to disturbances.
A single-mode-no-core-single-mode (SNS) fiber optical sensor for the detection of solid-liquid and liquid-solid phase changes in C18H38 n-alkane (n-octadecane) is proposed and demonstrated. The transmission-type sensor probe consists of a short section of no-core fiber sandwiched between two sections of a single-mode fiber. Phase changes in n-octadecane are accompanied by large step-like variations of its refractive index (RI). Such a large discontinuous change of the n-octadecane’s RI during its phase transition leads to the corresponding step-like change in the transmitted optical power that can reliably indicate the phase change of the sample in the vicinity of the sensor. The proposed sensor probe is simple, accurate and is capable of detecting the material’s phase based on a single measurement. The results of this work suggest that the proposed sensor is potentially capable of detecting liquid-solid phase changes in other materials whose thermo-optic properties are similar to those of n-octadecane.
Recently, transmitting diverse signals in different cores of a multicore fiber (MCF) has greatly improved the communication capacity of a single fiber. In such an MCF-based communication system, ...mux/demux devices with broad bandwidth are of great significance. In this work, we design and fabricate a 19-channel mux/demux device based on femtosecond laser direct writing. The fabricated mux/demux device possesses an average insertion loss of 0.88 dB and intercore crosstalk of no more than − 29.1 dB. Moreover, the fabricated mux/demux device features a broad bandwidth across the C+L band. Such a mux/demux device enables low-loss 19-core fiber (de)multiplexing over the whole C+L band, showing a convincing potential value in wavelength-space division multiplexing applications. In addition, a 19-core fiber fan-in/fan-out system is also established based on a pair of mux/demux devices in this work.
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