Tumor-stromal interaction is a dynamic process that promotes tumor growth and metastasis via cell-cell interaction and extracellular vesicles. Recent studies demonstrate that stromal ...fibroblast-derived molecular signatures can be used to predict disease progression and drug resistance. To identify the epigenetic role of stromal noncoding RNAs in tumor-stromal interactions in the tumor microenvironment, we performed microRNA profiling of patient cancer-associated prostate stromal fibroblasts isolated by laser capture dissection microscopy and in bone-associated stromal models. We found specific upregulation of miR-409-3p and miR-409-5p located within the embryonically and developmentally regulated DLK1-DIO3 (delta-like 1 homolog-deiodinase, iodothyronine 3) cluster on human chromosome 14. The findings in cell lines were further validated in human prostate cancer tissues. Strikingly, ectopic expression of miR-409 in normal prostate fibroblasts conferred a cancer-associated stroma-like phenotype and led to the release of miR-409 via extracellular vesicles to promote tumor induction and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in vitro and in vivo. miR-409 promoted tumorigenesis through repression of tumor suppressor genes such as Ras suppressor 1 and stromal antigen 2. Thus, stromal fibroblasts derived miR-409-induced tumorigenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of the epithelial cancer cells in vivo. Therefore, miR-409 appears to be an attractive therapeutic target to block the vicious cycle of tumor-stromal interactions that plagues prostate cancer patients.
Natural and technological disasters present significant threats to the public's health. The emergency response capabilities of government and private relief organizations are limited. With a strategy ...in which residents of urban areas are trained in search and rescue, first aid, fire suppression, care and shelter, emergency communications, and disaster mental health, the community becomes a "resource" rather than a "victim".
Disasters to come Lichterman, Joshua D
Futures : the journal of policy, planning and futures studies,
08/1999, Letnik:
31, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Disasters occur from the impact of a variety of natural and technological hazards. This paper explores the kind of disasters we can expect in the coming century, the challenges they present to human ...societies, and suggests a few future coping strategies. It argues that some future disasters will occur as a result of slow onset of hazards such as Global Warming or Ozone Layer Damage. Other disasters will happen more rapidly, emerging from such human actions as terrorism and resource wars. We can expect future disasters to be increasingly large in scale due to the complexity of human society and the ever growing size and density of urban regions and the built environment.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on semiconductor/liquid interfaces provide a method of converting solar energy to electricity or fuels. Currently, the understanding of semiconductor/liquid ...interfaces is inferred from experiments and models. Operando ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) has been used herein to directly characterize the semiconductor/liquid junction at room temperature under real-time electrochemical control. X-ray synchrotron radiation in conjunction with AP-XPS has enabled simultaneous monitoring of the solid surface, the solid/electrolyte interface, and the bulk electrolyte of a PEC cell as a function of the applied potential, U . The observed shifts in binding energy with respect to the applied potential have directly revealed ohmic and rectifying junction behavior on metallized and semiconducting samples, respectively. Additionally, the non-linear response of the core level binding energies to changes in the applied electrode potential has revealed the influence of defect-derived electronic states on the Galvani potential across the complete cell.
•Protection layers stabilize Si, III–V, II–VI photoanodes in alkaline media.•Optical, electronic, and mechanistic studies described.•Wide range of working space for such protective systems is ...discussed.
Small-band-gap (Eg<2eV) semiconductors must be stabilized for use in integrated devices that convert solar energy into the bonding energy of a reduced fuel, specifically H2(g) or a reduced-carbon species such as CH3OH or CH4. To sustainably and scalably complete the fuel cycle, electrons must be liberated through the oxidation of water to O2(g). Strongly acidic or strongly alkaline electrolytes are needed to enable efficient and intrinsically safe operation of a full solar-driven water-splitting system. However, under water-oxidation conditions, the small-band-gap semiconductors required for efficient cell operation are unstable, either dissolving or forming insulating surface oxides. We describe herein recent progress in the protection of semiconductor photoanodes under such operational conditions. We specifically describe the properties of two protective overlayers, TiO2/Ni and NiOx, both of which have demonstrated the ability to protect otherwise unstable semiconductors for >100h of continuous solar-driven water oxidation when in contact with a highly alkaline aqueous electrolyte (1.0M KOH(aq)). The stabilization of various semiconductor photoanodes is reviewed in the context of the electronic characteristics and a mechanistic analysis of the TiO2 films, along with a discussion of the optical, catalytic, and electronic nature of NiOx films for stabilization of semiconductor photoanodes for water oxidation.
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a widespread greenhouse gas, is a thermodynamically potent and environmentally green oxidant that is an attractive target for activation by metal centers. However, N2O remains ...underutilized owing to its high kinetic stability, and the poor ligand properties of this molecule have made well-characterized metal−N2O complexes a rarity. We now report a vanadium−pyrrolide system that reversibly binds N2O at room temperature and provide the first single-crystal X-ray structure of such a complex. Further characterization by vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations strongly favor assignment as a linear, N-bound metal−N2O complex.
The origins of Edward Flatau's "The Law of Eccentric Location of Long Pathways in Spinal Cord" are discussed, considering newly examined archival documents from Central State Archive of Moscow and ...Museum of the I. M. Sechenov University (former medical faculty of Imperial Moscow University IMU). These documents, together with German and Polish records, illustrate the international character of Flatau's education and shed light on the bigger question of interactions between Moscow and Berlin fin de siècle neurologists. Flatau's peregrinations between these two cities are documented, together with difficulties encountered due to his nationality and the changing political environment.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Russian surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Pirogoff; 1810-1881) introduced the teaching of applied topographical anatomy in Russia. Pirogov's monumental four-part atlas, Anatome topographica ...sectionibus per corporis humanum congelatum triplici directione ductis illustrate (An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions Across the Frozen Human Body), colloquially known as the "Ice Anatomy," was published in Latin in folio in the 1850s. Pirogov sought to investigate "the normal and pathological positions of different organs and body parts using sections made in the three principal directions anatomical planes ... throughout all regions." To accomplish this, he froze cadavers "to the density of the thickest wood" and then cut them into thin plates with a special mechanical saw. His approach was reportedly inspired by his observations of butchers sawing across frozen pig carcasses at the meat market in St. Petersburg during winter. Pirogov systemically obtained full-size representations of more than 1,000 sections. A painter made a representative copy of the cross-sectional contours of each section, using ruled glass overlain on the sections. The final lithographs were of high artistic quality and execution, resembling modern high-resolution medical imaging (i.e., CT or MRI). Moreover, structures were serially sectioned and systematically illustrated along all three anatomical planes, something that had never previously been attempted. This allowed clinicians and anatomists to scrutinize the spatial relationships of structures from multiple perspectives and at a much more detailed level than was previously possible, although the cost, massiveness, and complexity of the completed work precluded wide dissemination.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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