In a country with a high prevalence of cigarette smoking, betel chewing, and alcohol drinking, cancers of the oral cavity, nasopharynx, and larynx were the fourth, twelfth and seventeenth leading ...causes of cancer death, respectively, for men in 2020. We analyzed patients with head and neck cancer from 1980 to 2019 from the Taiwan Cancer Registration Database and discussed the annual average percent change, average percent change, age period, and birth cohort. Obvious period effects and birth effects are seen in oral, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer; however, the most significant period effect was seen between 1990 and 2009, which mainly reflects the consumption of betel nuts per capita. In addition, the period effect lessens after 2010 in oral cancer and hypopharyngeal cancers, while oropharyngeal cancers remain an obvious period effect, which results from the rising prevalence of HPV. Due to the high prevalence rate of betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking in the 1990s, the government executed several acts. As a result, the age-adjusted incidence rates of oral, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers have flattened since 2010, which can be explained by the declining cigarette smoking rate. The strict policy indeed shows an obvious effect on the head and neck cancer incidence rates, and we expect to see a further decline in the future.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Quantum memory is an important component in the long-distance quantum communication based on the quantum repeater protocol. To outperform the direct transmission of photons with quantum repeaters, it ...is crucial to develop quantum memories with high fidelity, high efficiency and a long storage time. Here, we achieve a storage efficiency of 92.0 (1.5)% for a coherent optical memory based on the electromagnetically induced transparency scheme in optically dense cold atomic media. We also obtain a useful time-bandwidth product of 1200, considering only storage where the retrieval efficiency remains above 50%. Both are the best record to date in all kinds of schemes for the realization of optical memory. Our work significantly advances the pursuit of a high-performance optical memory and should have important applications in quantum information science.
The membrane-bound serine proteases prostasin and matriptase and the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2 are all expressed in human skin and may form a tightly regulated proteolysis ...network, contributing to skin pathophysiology. Evidence from other systems, however, suggests that the relationship between matriptase and prostasin and between the proteases and the inhibitors can be context-dependent. In this study the in vivo zymogen activation and protease inhibition status of matriptase and prostasin were investigated in the human skin. Immunohistochemistry detected high levels of activated prostasin in the granular layer, but only low levels of activated matriptase restricted to the basal layer. Immunoblot analysis of foreskin lysates confirmed this in vivo zymogen activation status and further revealed that HAI-1 but not HAI-2 is the prominent inhibitor for prostasin and matriptase in skin. The zymogen activation status and location of the proteases does not support a close functional relation between matriptase and prostasin in the human skin. The limited role for HAI-2 in the inhibition of matriptase and prostasin is the result of its primarily intracellular localization in basal and spinous layer keratinocytes, which probably prevents the Kunitz inhibitor from interacting with active prostasin or matriptase. In contrast, the cell surface expression of HAI-1 in all viable epidermal layers renders it an effective regulator for matriptase and prostasin. Collectively, our study suggests the importance of tissue distribution and subcellular localization in the functional relationship between proteases and protease inhibitors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Trifluoromethyl cationic carbyne (CF3C+:) possessing dual carbene‐carbocation behavior emulated as trifluoromethyl metal‐carbynoid (CF3C+=M) has not been explored yet, and its reaction ...characteristics are unknown. Herein, a novel α‐diazotrifluoroethyl sulfonium salt was prepared and used in Rh‐catalyzed three‐component 2+1+2 cycloadditions for the first time with commercially available N‐fused heteroarenes and nitriles, yielding a series of imidazo1,5‐a N‐heterocycles that are of interest in medicinal chemistry, in which the insertion of trifluoromethyl Rh‐carbynoid (CF3C+=Rh) into C=N bonds of N‐fused heteroarenes was involved. This strategy demonstrates synthetic applications in late‐stage modification of pharmaceuticals, construction of CD3‐containing N‐heterocycles, gram‐scale experiments, and synthesis of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor analog. These highly valuable and modifiable imidazo1,5‐a N‐heterocycles exhibit good antitumor activity in vitro, thus demonstrating their potential applications in medicinal chemistry.
A novel α‐diazotrifluoroethyl sulfonium salt was prepared, and it was applied in Rh‐catalyzed three‐component 2+1+2 cycloadditions for the first time, affording various imidazo1,5‐a N‐heterocycles under mild conditions. This strategy involved a unique trifluoromethyl Rh‐carbynoid (CF3C+=Rh), wherein three new chemical bonds were forged at the α‐carbon of trifluoromethyl in a single step.
Background
Taiwan has one of the highest incidences of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) worldwide, especially in women; however, no nationwide, long‐term follow‐up study has evaluated this.
...Methods
We investigated the incidence of UTUC in Taiwan using data from the national population‐based Taiwan Cancer Registry database (1985–2019). We divided the birth cohort into nine 5‐year age groups and calculated the age‐specific incidence for these groups according to the corresponding birth years.
Results
The average annual percent change in the incidence of renal pelvis cancer from 1985 to 2019 showed sex‐specific differences, with 3.5% and 5.3% increases in the incidences in men and women, respectively. The age‐specific incidence rate for renal pelvis cancer among women showed a gradual increase in the group with older women as well as an increase over time in each age group. The results of a birth cohort analysis revealed that younger cohorts had higher incidence rates of renal pelvis cancer than older cohorts did.
Conclusion
We demonstrated that the incidence of UTUC is unusually high among older Taiwanese women and that younger cohorts have a high risk of UTUC than older cohorts.
Results of studies regarding the potential link between acid suppressant use and dementia risk are inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association of cumulative exposure to histamine 2 ...receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with dementia risk in an Asian older cohort aged ≥65 years.
Patients initiating H2RA (the H2RA user cohort,
= 21,449) or PPI (the PPI user cohort,
= 6584) and those without prescription for H2RA (the H2RA non-user cohort,
= 21,449) or PPI (the PPI non-user cohort,
= 6584) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2005 without a prior history of dementia were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The outcome of interest was all-cause dementia. Patients' exposure to H2RAs or PPIs was followed-up from dates of initial prescription to the earliest outcome of incident dementia, death, or the end of 2013. Potential associations between acid suppressant use and dementia risk were analyzed using time-dependent Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
After mutual adjustment for H2RA and PPI use and other potential confounders, patients with H2RA use had significantly higher risk of developing dementia as compared to those not treated with H2RAs (adjusted HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.49-2.20). Likewise, PPI users had significantly elevated risk of dementia compared to PPI non-users (adjusted HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.84).
Our results indicate that exposures to H2RAs and PPIs are associated with increased dementia risk.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of high dietary lipid levels on growth, metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune responses of largemouth bass. Fish (initial body weight ...13.38 ± 0.11 g) were fed three isonitrogenous semi-purified diets containing 5%, 10%, and 20% lipid, respectively. The results indicated that fish fed 10% lipid diet showed significantly better final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with that fed 5% lipid diet. Meanwhile, fish fed 20% lipid diet had a significantly higher viscera ratio (VR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF), and liver lipid content than those fed the other diets. Higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents, and LDL-C/HDL-C value in plasma were recorded in fish fed 20% lipid diet, while higher insulin contents were obtained in fish fed 5% lipid diet. In addition, the highest carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities in the liver were also observed in fish fed 20% lipid diet. However, fish fed 20% lipid diet had a significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and higher MDA contents in liver than those fed the other diets. The higher nitric oxide (NO) contents and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in liver were recorded in fish fed 10% lipid diet. Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and lysozyme activities, and nitric oxide (NO) contents in plasma were higher in fish fed the 10% diets than the other groups. In conclusion, high dietary lipid levels could suppress growth performance and liver anti-oxidative capacity, and reduce immune responses of largemouth bass
.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are common and widely used for gastrointestinal-related disorders. Lansoprazole is one of PPIs with potential benefits of anti-inflammation, reduced oxidative stress, ...and anti-diabetes. The aims of this study are to determine whether lansoprazole imparts differential risk of type 2 diabetes as compared with other PPIs.
A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Patients who received lansoprazole more than 90 days and without records of use of other PPIs between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005 (the exposure period) were considered as the exposed cohort (n = 1668). In comparison, patients who received other PPIs more than 90 days and without use of lansoprazole in the exposure period were treated as the comparison cohort (n = 3336).The primary outcome was the new-onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The association between use of lansoprazole and the risk of T2DM was determined by hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) derived from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.
The lansoprazole cohort showed a significantly reduced risk of T2DM with an adjusted HR of 0.65 (95% CI 0.56-0.76). Interestingly, the inverse association between use of lansoprazole and risk of T2DM was observed in both genders and in various age groups.
The present study findings suggest that lansoprazole was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM compared with other PPIs. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of the present study.
Purely organic room temperature phosphorescence, especially in aqueous solution, is attracting increasing attention owing to its large Stokes shift, long lifetime, low preparation cost, low toxicity, ...good processing performance advantages, and broad application value. This review mainly focuses on macrocyclic (cyclodextrin and cucurbituril) hosts, nanoassembly, and macromolecule (polyether) confinement-driven RTP. As an optical probe, the assembly and the two-stage assembly strategy can realize the confined purely organic RTP and achieve energy transfer and light-harvesting from fluorescence to delayed fluorescence or phosphorescence. This supramolecular assembly is widely applied for luminescent materials, cell imaging, and other fields because it effectively avoids oxygen quenching. In addition, the near-infrared excitation, near-infrared emission, and
in situ
imaging of purely organic room temperature phosphorescence in assembled confinement materials are also prospected.
Purely organic room temperature phosphorescence, especially in aqueous solution, is attracting increasing attention owing to its large Stokes shift, long lifetime, low preparation cost, low toxicity, good processing performance advantages, and broad application value.
Substantial regressions of metastatic lesions have been observed in up to 70% of patients with melanoma who received adoptively transferred autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in phase 2 ...clinical trials. In addition, 40% of patients treated in a recent trial experienced complete regressions of all measurable lesions for at least 5 years following TIL treatment. To evaluate the potential association between the ability of TILs to mediate durable regressions and their ability to recognize potent antigens that presumably include mutated gene products, we developed a new screening approach involving mining whole-exome sequence data to identify mutated proteins expressed in patient tumors. We then synthesized and evaluated candidate mutated T cell epitopes that were identified using a major histocompatibility complex-binding algorithm for recognition by TILs. Using this approach, we identified mutated antigens expressed on autologous tumor cells that were recognized by three bulk TIL lines from three individuals with melanoma that were associated with objective tumor regressions following adoptive transfer. This simplified approach for identifying mutated antigens recognized by T cells avoids the need to generate and laboriously screen cDNA libraries from tumors and may represent a generally applicable method for identifying mutated antigens expressed in a variety of tumor types.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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