A general concept is introduced featuring an ideal multifunctional surface that can avoid fouling problems while allowing the installed groups to perform with the high efficacy and accuracy necessary ...for delivering cascading and spontaneous biological activities. The idea is realized by using a direct synthesis of a multicomponent coating containing the two functionalities of 4‐methyl‐propiolate and 4‐N‐maleimidomethyl that is achieved via chemical vapor deposition copolymerization on various substrates. The novel coating can simultaneously perform specific bio‐orthogonal reactions, including the azide‐alkyne click reaction and a thiol‐maleimide coupling reaction. In the study, azide‐terminated polyethylene glycols are first immobilized on the methyl propiolate groups to impart an antifouling property, while bioactivity is enabled by tethering biotinylated thiols or Cys‐Arg‐Glu‐Asp‐Val (CREDV) peptides on the maleimide groups. The induced antifouling properties and bioactivities are confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance and cell culture studies. Finally, precisely manipulated endothelial cells, namely, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and bovine arterial endothelial cells, are observed on a complex stent substrate and on confined areas of the poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates.
A multicomponent coating containing a distinct electron‐deficient alkyne and unsaturated maleimide anchoring sites is synthesized using a straightforward process involving chemical vapor deposition copolymerization. The coating is utilized to design a biofunctionally active surface that resists fouling. The antifouling properties suppress protein adsorption and cell adhesion; the biofunctional surface precisely controls manipulated cell attachments synergically.
Peripheral nerve injuries are commonly encountered in extremity traumas. Their motor and sensory recovery following microsurgical repair is limited by slow regeneration speed (<1 mm/d) and subsequent ...muscle atrophy, which are consequently correlated with the activity of local Schwann cells and efficacy of axon outgrowth. To promote post-surgical nerve regeneration, we synthesized a nerve wrap consisting of an aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber shell with a Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) core (APB). Cell experiments demonstrated that the APB nerve wrap markedly promoted neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell migration and proliferation. Animal experiments applying a rat sciatic nerve repair model indicated that the APB nerve wrap restored conduction efficacy of the repaired nerve and the compound action potential as well as contraction force of the related leg muscles. Histology of the downstream nerves disclosed significantly higher fascicle diameter and myelin thickness with the APB nerve wrap compared to those without BSP. Thus, the BSP-loaded nerve wrap is potentially beneficial for the functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair and offers sustained targeted release of a natural polysaccharide with good bioactivity.
•APB nerve wrap can enhance functional outcomes after peripheral nerve repair.•Released BSP promotes Schwann cell migration, proliferation, and axon outgrowth.•Aligned topography guides neurite outgrowth and affects Schwann cell behavior.•APB nerve wrap enhances muscle action potential and nerve conduction efficacy.•APB nerve wrap leads to superior fascicle diameter and myelin thickness.
The combination of white organic light-emitting devices (OLED) and color filters is one of the most promising technologies for full-color OLED displays. Yet, the transmission spectra of most ...available color filters are broad and poorly match the electroluminescence spectra of white OLEDs, yielding less saturated filtered colors and small color gamut for displays. In this work, we report that by employing the microcavity structure only in green pixels for such OLED display technology, one can simultaneously achieve simplification the manufacturing process, enhancement of color performances, and enhancement in efficiencies for OLED displays.
Tetramer of triphenylamine and similar compounds having bromine atoms have been synthesized, characterized and tested as hole injecting/transporting layers of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). ...Rather high glass transition temperatures of the derivatives were determined to be in a range of 99–163 °C. Some of the materials have suitable ionization potentials and adequate triplet state energies, which make them useful hole injecting/transporting layer materials for application in red phosphorescent devices. A simplified tri-layer device architectures of red OLEDs were prepared by adopting N-(1-diphenylamino4,4′-biphenyl)-N,N-bis(4-bromophenyl)amine (1) or N,N-bis (1-diphenylamino4,4′-biphenyl)-N-(4-bromophenyl)amine (2) as hole transporting layer (HTL) material. Tris(1-diphenylamino4,4′-biphenyl)amine (3) was selected for the hole injecting layer (HIL) to combine with 1 or 2 to construct step-wise hole injection in the devices. Peak efficiencies of the device with a single 1-based HTL were 12.5%, 18.6 cd/A, and 13.1 lm/W, all of which were slightly lower than those of a step-wise device having an additional 3-based HIL (i.e. 14.0%, 22.8 cd/A, and 17.8 lm/W). Similarly, the device with 2-based HTL exhibited peak efficiencies up to 13.5%, 21.3 cd/A, and 17.6 lm/W; while those of the device with an additional 3-based HIL achieved higher values of 13.8%, 22.6 cd/A, and 18.4 lm/W. The results indicate a high potential of these newly synthesized hole injecting/transporting materials.
•New triphenylamine based electroactive derivatives were prepared and characterized.•The hole transporting materials have suitable ionization potentials and triplet state energies.•Red phosphorescent PhOLED devices with the hole injecting/transporting materials were formed.•Peak external quantum efficiencies of some PHOLEDs exceeded 14%.
ObjectivesTo identify the risk factors related to the prognosis of carbon monoxide (CO)-poisoned patients in the hospital.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingTri-Service General Hospital, ...Taiwan.MethodsWe conducted a review of the medical records of 669 CO-poisoned patients, who were admitted to the Department of Emergency, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan, from 2009 to 2014. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected for analysis. In the study, the end points for poor outcome were patients who either still had sequelae, were bedridden or died after treatment. The independent t-test, χ2 test and binary logistic regression were used to identify the association between the prognostic factors and the outcomes.ResultsThe logistic regression analysis confirmed that the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (p=0.008) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p=0.002) were related to poor outcomes. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the cut-off point of intubation days was 1.5 days (area under the ROC curve AUC=0.793) for all patients and 2.5 days (AUC=0.817) for patients with intubation when predicting poor outcomes.ConclusionWe identified the factors that most strongly predict the prognosis of CO poisoning, including the GCS score, serum BUN and intubation days. Moreover, the number of hyperbaric oxygen treatments seems to have impact of the outcome.
Infection cycles of viruses are highly dependent on membrane-associated host factors. To uncover the infection cycle of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) in detail, we purified the membrane-associated viral ...complexes from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analyzed the involved host factors. Four isoforms of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) proteins on the outer membrane of mitochondria were identified due to their upregulated expression in the BaMV complex-enriched membranous fraction. Results from loss- and gain-of-function experiments indicated that NbVDAC2, -3, and -4 are essential for efficient BaMV accumulation. During BaMV infection, all NbVDACs concentrated into larger aggregates, which overlapped and trafficked with BaMV virions to the structure designated as the "dynamic BaMV-induced complex." Besides the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, BaMV replicase and double-stranded RNAs were also found in this complex, suggesting the dynamic BaMV-induced complex is a replication complex. Yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays confirmed that BaMV triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) could interact with NbVDACs. Confocal microscopy revealed that TGBp1 is sufficient to induce NbVDAC aggregates, which suggests that TGBp1 may play a pivotal role in the NbVDAC-virion complex. Collectively, these findings indicate that NbVDACs may associate with the dynamic BaMV-induced complex via TGBp1 and NbVDAC2, -3, or -4 and can promote BaMV accumulation. This study reveals the involvement of mitochondrial proteins in a viral complex and virus infection.
•We analyzed zooplankton size structure in the highly dynamic East China Sea.•Size spectral slope shows no relationship with temperature or food availability.•Size diversity decreases with food and ...exhibits no relationship with temperature.•Linear fit of size spectral slope is stronger in oligotrophic conditions.•Using size structure as indicators to monitor environmental conditions needs caution.
A fundamental ecological trait of marine organisms is body size. Various theoretical models have used the size distribution of plankton communities to explain their trophic structure and functioning. Recent studies indicate that changes associated with global warming, eutrophication, and fisheries might have dramatically shifted the size structure of marine organisms and thus changed ecosystem functioning. Accordingly, size structure has been suggested as a useful indicator for monitoring ecosystem status. Here, we used three size metrics to represent mesozooplankton size structure: the slope of normalized biomass spectra (NB-SS), NB-SS linear fit, and size diversity. We analyzed the relationship between zooplankton size structure and environmental conditions in the very dynamic East China Sea (ECS). We tested four hypotheses predicted by theoretical studies: (1) a coastal–offshore gradient for NB-SS, (2) a negative relationship between temperature and NB-SS steepness, (3) a positive relationship between trophic status (i.e., chlorophyll a and inorganic-nutrient concentrations as a proxy) and NB-SS steepness, and (4) a positive relationship between oligotrophy and NB-SS linearity. Hypotheses 1–3 did not stand up to our analyses of the empirical data, while hypothesis 4 was supported. In the ECS, we found no clear spatial gradient for each of the three size metrics, where (i) size diversity was not correlated to temperature and significantly decreased with chl a and phosphate concentrations, (ii) the NB-SS slope showed no relationship with the environment, and (iii) NB-SS linearity tended to be higher in more oligotrophic offshore waters. Trophic status exerted a stronger effect than temperature on size distribution, but its effect was opposite to model prediction. Our results suggest that population dynamics (i.e., pulses of reproduction due to increased food availability) override metabolic scaling effects on mesozooplankton NB-SS at the mesoscale. In addition, the estimation of NB-SS slopes depends on NB-SS linearity and may therefore be less accurate than size diversity as a synthetic indicator of NB-SS changes. Our results highlight the need for caution when using size-based indicators for monitoring environmental forcing on communities in highly dynamic ecosystems.
With a view to attain balanced charge flux for higher device performance of PhOLEDs, we have used carbazole/triphenyl amine as hole transporting moiety and cyano along with benzimidazole as electron ...transporting core in 3-Cbz-ImdCN, 4-Cbz-ImdCN and TPA-ImdCN. Their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties have been evaluated to shed light on structure-property-performance relationship. Good performances have been exhibited by these bipolar host materials in green PhOLEDs with maximum external quantum efficiencies were observed in the range of 5.3–11.5% using Ir(ppy)3 emitter. Further, 3-Cbz-ImdCN hosted orange and red PhOLEDs with the Ir(MDQ)2acac and Ir(piq)2acac emitters revealed the external quantum efficiencies of 5.1% and 6.3%, respectively. In all the devices pure emission was observed from dopants only which clearly implies that the devices possess effective energy transfer from the host to the guest.
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•Bipolar host materials comprising carbazole/triphenyl amine and cyanobenzimidazole were synthesized.•Structure-property-performance relationship studied using different linking topology.•HOMO energy levels are located on donors while LUMO populated on acceptors.•The green PhOLEDs showed maximum external quantum efficiencies in the range of 5.3–11.5%.•3-Cbz-ImdCN hosted red PhOLED revealed the external quantum efficiency of 6.3%.
Platelet rich plasma (PRP) contains various cytokines and growth factors which may be beneficial to the healing process of injured muscle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect and ...molecular mechanism of PRP releasate on proliferation of skeletal muscle cells. Skeletal muscle cells intrinsic to Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with PRP releasate. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and immunocytochemistry with Ki-67 stain. Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate the cell cycle progression. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the protein expressions of PCNA, cyclin E1, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cyclin dependent kinase (cdk)1 and cdk2. The results revealed that PRP releasate enhanced proliferation of skeletal muscle cells by shifting cells from G1 phase to S phase and G2/M phases. Ki-67 stain revealed the increase of proliferative capability after PRP releasate treatment. Protein expressions including cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cdk1, cdk2 and PCNA were up-regulated by PRP releasate in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that PRP releasate promoted proliferation of skeletal muscle cells in association with the up-regulated protein expressions of PCNA, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cdk1 and cdk2.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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