As one of the most critical approaches to resolve the energy crisis and environmental concerns, carbon dioxide (CO2) photoreduction into value‐added chemicals and solar fuels (for example, CO, HCOOH, ...CH3OH, CH4) has attracted more and more attention. In nature, photosynthetic organisms effectively convert CO2 and H2O to carbohydrates and oxygen (O2) using sunlight, which has inspired the development of low‐cost, stable, and effective artificial photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction. Due to their low cost, facile synthesis, excellent light harvesting, multiple exciton generation, feasible charge‐carrier regulation, and abundant surface sites, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have recently been identified as one of the most promising materials for establishing highly efficient artificial photosystems. Recent advances in CO2 photoreduction using semiconductor QDs are highlighted. First, the unique photophysical and structural properties of semiconductor QDs, which enable their versatile applications in solar energy conversion, are analyzed. Recent applications of QDs in photocatalytic CO2 reduction are then introduced in three categories: binary II–VI semiconductor QDs (e.g., CdSe, CdS, and ZnSe), ternary I–III–VI semiconductor QDs (e.g., CuInS2 and CuAlS2), and perovskite‐type QDs (e.g., CsPbBr3, CH3NH3PbBr3, and Cs2AgBiBr6). Finally, the challenges and prospects in solar CO2 reduction with QDs in the future are discussed.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) photoreduction is regarded as an attractive pathway to produce value‐added chemicals and fuels. Recent advances in CO2 photoreduction via semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in three categories are reviewed: II–VI, I–III–VI, and perovskite‐type QDs. Additionally, current challenges and prospects for QD‐photocatalyzed CO2 reduction are discussed.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are promising for the realization of highly efficient light emitters. However, such devices ...have so far suffered from efficiency roll-off at high luminance. Here, we report the design and synthesis of two diboron-based molecules, CzDBA and tBuCzDBA, which show excellent TADF properties and yield efficient OLEDs with very low efficiency roll-off. These donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) type and rod-like compounds concurrently generate TADF with a photoluminescence quantum yield of ~100% and an 84% horizontal dipole ratio in the thin film. A green OLED based on CzDBA exhibits a high external quantum efficiency of 37.8 ± 0.6%, a current efficiency of 139.6 ± 2.8 cd A−1 and a power efficiency of 121.6 ± 3.1 lm W−1 with an efficiency roll-off of only 0.3% at 1,000 cd m−2. The device has a peak emission wavelength of 528 nm and colour coordinates of the Commission International de l´Eclairage (CIE) of (0.31, 0.61), making it attractive for colour-display applications.
The use of photovoltaic cells with an organometallic perovskite as the active layer for indoor dim‐light energy harvesting is evaluated. By designing the electron‐transporting materials and ...fabrication processes, the traps in the perovskite active layers and carrier dynamics can be controlled, and efficient devices are demonstrated. The best‐performing small‐area perovskite photovoltaics exhibit a promising high power conversion efficiency up to ≈27.4%, no hysteresis behavior, and an exceptionally low maximum power point voltage variation of ≈0.1 V under fluorescent lamp illumination at 100–1000 lux. The 5.44 cm2 large‐area device also shows a high efficiency of 20.4% and a promising long‐term stability. Compared with the most efficient inorganic and organic solar cells nowadays, the competitive efficiency, low fabrication cost, and low raw material costs make perovskite photovoltaics ideal for indoor light harvesting and as Internet of Things power provider.
Device engineering of perovskite photovoltaics dedicated to indoor dim‐light applications is reported. The trap density in the perovskite layer is effectively eliminated by judiciously controlling the fabrication of the electron‐transporting layers. Small‐area lab cell and 5.44 cm2 large‐area device attain maximum efficiencies up to 27.4% and 20.4% under indoor illumination, respectively.
A critical and challenging process in immunotherapy is to identify cancer patients who could benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Exploration of predictive biomarkers could help to ...maximize the clinical benefits. Eph receptors have been shown to play essential roles in tumor immunity. However, the association between EPH gene mutation and ICI response is lacking.
Clinical data and whole-exome sequencing (WES) data from published studies were collected and consolidated as a discovery cohort to analyze the association between EPH gene mutation and efficacy of ICI therapy. Another independent cohort from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) was adopted to validate our findings. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was used to perform anti-tumor immunity and pathway enrichment analysis.
Among fourteen EPH genes, EPHA7-mutant (EPHA7-MUT) was enriched in patients responding to ICI therapy (FDR adjusted P < 0.05). In the discovery cohort (n = 386), significant differences were detected between EPHA7-MUT and EPHA7-wildtype (EPHA7-WT) patients regarding objective response rate (ORR, 52.6% vs 29.1%, FDR adjusted P = 0.0357) and durable clinical benefit (DCB, 70.3% vs 42.7%, FDR adjusted P = 0.0200). In the validation cohort (n = 1144), significant overall survival advantage was observed in EPHA7-MUT patients (HR = 0.62 95% confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.97, multivariable adjusted P = 0.0367), which was independent of tumor mutational burden (TMB) and copy number alteration (CNA). Notably, EPHA7-MUT patients without ICI therapy had significantly worse overall survival in TCGA cohort (HR = 1.33 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.67, multivariable adjusted P = 0.0139). Further gene set enrichment analysis revealed enhanced anti-tumor immunity in EPHA7-MUT tumor.
EPHA7-MUT successfully predicted better clinical outcomes in ICI-treated patients across multiple cancer types, indicating that EPHA7-MUT could serve as a potential predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Eosin Y, a well‐known economical alternative to metal catalysts in visible‐light‐driven single‐electron transfer‐based organic transformations, can behave as an effective direct hydrogen‐atom ...transfer catalyst for C−H activation. Using the alkylation of C−H bonds with electron‐deficient alkenes as a model study revealed an extremely broad substrate scope, enabling easy access to a variety of important synthons. This eosin Y‐based photocatalytic hydrogen‐atom transfer strategy is promising for diverse functionalization of a wide range of native C−H bonds in a green and sustainable manner.
Neutral eosin Y has been employed as an effective direct hydrogen‐atom transfer photocatalyst to activate a wide range of native C−H bonds in a green and sustainable fashion. This transformation is distinguished by its operational simplicity and amenability to large‐scale synthesis using continuous‐flow technology (EWG=aldehyde, ketone, ester, amide, imide, cyanide, sulfone, nitro, pyridine).
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the simulation of the human brain for neuromorphic computing has demonstrated unprecedented progress. Photonic artificial synapses are strongly ...desirable owing to their higher neuron selectivity, lower crosstalk, wavelength multiplexing capabilities, and low operating power compared to their electric counterparts. This study demonstrates a highly transparent and flexible artificial synapse with a two‐terminal architecture that emulates photonic synaptic functionalities. This optically triggered artificial synapse exhibits clear synaptic characteristics such as paired‐pulse facilitation, short/long‐term memory, and synaptic behavior analogous to that of the iris in the human eye. Ultraviolet light illumination‐induced neuromorphic characteristics exhibited by the synapse are attributed to carrier trapping and detrapping in the SnO2 nanoparticles and CsPbCl3 perovskite interface. Moreover, the ability to detect deep red light without changes in synaptic behavior indicates the potential for dual‐mode operation. This study establishes a novel two‐terminal architecture for highly transparent and flexible photonic artificial synapse that can help facilitate higher integration density of transparent 3D stacking memristors, and make it possible to approach optical learning, memory, computing, and visual recognition.
An inorganic CsPbCl3 perovskite artificial photonic synapse is demonstrated for the first time. This work shows the promising potential of multilevel storage capacity devices that can emulate synaptic functionalities via tuning of light intensity and frequency. The two‐terminal architecture synapse device exhibits the potential of dual‐mode operation, high transparency, and flexibility, which enable optical learning, memory, computing, and visual recognition.
International Biological Flora: Ginkgo biloba Lin, Han‐Yang; Li, Wen‐Hao; Lin, Chen‐Feng ...
The Journal of ecology,
April 2022, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Letnik:
110, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are ...presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity.
Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II.
Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight.
Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.
摘要
本文系统总结了活化石树种银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)的生物学和生态学特性。根据本刊“国际生物学植物志”的标准框架，我们从以下十一个方面进行了全面描述:分布、生境、群落、生物响应、环境响应、结构与生理、物候、繁殖和种子特征、植食动物与疾病、进化历史、保护、全球异质性。
银杏具有突出的环境适应性和抗逆性。荟萃分析表明，银杏可适应变异范围极广的年均温(−3.3 至 23.3 °C)和年降水量(34至3925 mm)环境，但喜温暖、湿润、郁闭度低、排水状况良好的生境。银杏对干旱、霜冻、火、大气污染、重金属和低浓度的盐分具较强的耐受性，但不耐受长时间荫蔽和水淹。日本广岛市的六株银杏甚至经历第二次世界大战原子弹轰炸后仍存活至今。
银杏也具很强的抗病性。大树病害极少，在幼苗和幼树中仅发现茎腐病和叶枯病。茎腐病由菜豆壳球孢(Macrophomina phaseoli)引起，幼苗致死率为5%–12%(最高达31.8%)，4小时遮荫处理外加施用有机肥可有效减轻症状。叶枯病的病原菌包括链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和银杏盘多毛孢(Pestalotia ginkgo)。某些地区幼树的叶枯病发病率可达100%，但喷洒45%多菌灵或50%退菌特可有效预防叶枯病。
作为全世界最独特的树种之一，银杏在植物进化和人类社会中扮演着重要角色。这种高大落叶乔木雌雄异株，原产中国，共有三处冰期避难所，分别位于华东、西南和华南。避难所种群分布零散，且种群大小较小。在暖温带落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中，常分布于沟谷两侧。自公元六世纪以来，银杏不断被引种至中国之外的世界各地，作为一种景观树种，目前银杏被栽培于除南极洲外的其余六大洲。它还具有很高的食用、药用、宗教和艺术价值。银杏是中国的自然和文化符号之一。
The living fossil Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree with masses of golden fan‐shaped leaves in autumn. It grows world‐wide except in Antarctica and even survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The extreme longevity of over 1000 years results in part from its prominent tolerance and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses as well as from outstanding regeneration potential due to sprouts, suckers or air roots. Refugial and natural populations still persist along flood‐disturbed streamsides in subtropical China.
Vacuum‐sublimed inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite thin films are prepared and integrated in all‐vacuum‐deposited solar cells. Special care is taken to determine the stoichiometric balance of ...the sublimation precursors, which has great influence on the device performance. The mixed halide devices exhibit exceptional stabilized power conversion efficiency (11.8%) and promising thermal and long‐term stabilities.
A novel sequential layer‐by‐layer sub‐100 °C vacuum‐sublimation method to fabricate planar‐type organometal halide perovskite solar cells is developed. Very uniform and highly crystalline perovskite ...thin films with 100% surface coverage are produced. The cells attain maximum and average efficiencies up to 15.4% and 14%, respectively. This low‐ temperature, all‐vacuum process is suitable for a wide variety of rigid and flexible applications.
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