Global smartphone penetration has led to unprecedented addictive behaviors. The aims of this study are to develop diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction and to examine the discriminative ability ...and the validity of the diagnostic criteria.
We developed twelve candidate criteria for characteristic symptoms of smartphone addiction and four criteria for functional impairment caused by excessive smartphone use. The participants consisted of 281 college students. Each participant was systematically assessed for smartphone-using behaviors by psychiatrist's structured diagnostic interview. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the candidate symptom criteria were analyzed with reference to the psychiatrists' clinical global impression. The optimal model selection with its cutoff point of the diagnostic criteria differentiating the smartphone addicted subjects from non-addicted subjects was then determined by the best diagnostic accuracy.
Six symptom criteria model with optimal cutoff point were determined based on the maximal diagnostic accuracy. The proposed smartphone addiction diagnostic criteria consisted of (1) six symptom criteria, (2) four functional impairment criteria and (3) exclusion criteria. Setting three symptom criteria as the cutoff point resulted in the highest diagnostic accuracy (84.3%), while the sensitivity and specificity were 79.4% and 87.5%, respectively. We suggested determining the functional impairment by two or more of the four domains considering the high accessibility and penetration of smartphone use.
The diagnostic criteria of smartphone addiction demonstrated the core symptoms "impaired control" paralleled with substance related and addictive disorders. The functional impairment involved multiple domains provide a strict standard for clinical assessment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Molecular epidemiologic studies reveal remarkable differences in the geographical distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes. The frequency of mutants among HBV genotypes also varies. The role ...of HBV genotypes/mutants in the pathogenesis of HBV infection and natural history of HBV infection has been extensively investigated. The distribution of HBV genotypes in acute hepatitis B patients reflects the predominant genotypes in a given geographic area. In chronic hepatitis B patients, genotype C and D have a higher frequency of basal core promoter A1762T/G1764A mutations than genotype A and B. HBV genotypes C, D and F carry a higher lifetime risk of cirrhosis and HCC development than genotype A and B. HBV pre-S/S gene mutations were associated with immune escape of hepatitis B immunoglobulin or vaccine-induced immunity. Mutations in the pre-S, core promoter and X regions correlate with an increased risk of cirrhosis and HCC. In summary, HBV genotypes and mutants are associated with the disease progression and long-term outcome of HBV infection. They may serve as viral genetic markers for risk stratification of chronic hepatitis B patients in clinical practice.
Outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are heterogeneous. Estimates of annual incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are 2–10% and 1–3%, respectively. Several viral ...factors, including HBV genotype, viral load and specific viral mutations, have been associated with disease progression. Among these, HBV genotype is not only predictive of clinical outcomes but has also been associated with response to interferon treatment. Currently, at least 10 HBV genotypes and several subtypes have been identified; they have distinct geographic distribution. Acute infection with genotypes A and D results in higher rates of chronicity than genotypes B and C. Compared to genotype A and B cases, patients with genotypes C and D have lower rates of spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion; when this occurs, it tends to be delayed. HBV genotype C has a higher frequency of basal core promoter (BCP) A1762T/G1764A mutation, pre‐S deletion and is associated with higher viral load than genotype B. Similarly, genotype D has a higher prevalence of BCP A1762T/G1764A mutation than genotype A. These observations suggest important pathogenic differences between HBV genotypes. These may contribute to more severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and HCC with genotypes C and D HBV infection. In addition, genotype A and B patients have better responses to interferon‐based therapy than genotypes C and D, but there are few consistent differences for direct HBV antivirals. In conclusion, genotyping of chronic HBV infections can help practicing physicians identify those at risk of disease progression and determine optimal anti‐viral therapy.
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications have recently attracted large research interest, since the huge available bandwidth can potentially lead to the rates of multiple gigabit per second per user. ...Though mmWave can be readily used in stationary scenarios, such as indoor hotspots or backhaul, it is challenging to use mmWave in mobile networks, where the transmitting/receiving nodes may be moving, channels may have a complicated structure, and the coordination among multiple nodes is difficult. To fully exploit the high potential rates of mmWave in mobile networks, lots of technical problems must be addressed. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of mmWave communications for future mobile networks (5G and beyond). We first summarize the recent channel measurement campaigns and modeling results. Then, we discuss in detail recent progresses in multiple input multiple output transceiver design for mmWave communications. After that, we provide an overview of the solution for multiple access and backhauling, followed by the analysis of coverage and connectivity. Finally, the progresses in the standardization and deployment of mmWave for mobile networks are discussed.
Millimeter wave (mmWave) MIMO will likely use hybrid analog and digital precoding, which uses a small number of RF chains to reduce the energy consumption associated with mixed signal components like ...analog-to-digital components not to mention baseband processing complexity. However, most hybrid precoding techniques consider a fully connected architecture requiring a large number of phase shifters, which is also energy-intensive. In this paper, we focus on the more energy-efficient hybrid precoding with subconnected architecture, and propose a successive interference cancelation (SIC)-based hybrid precoding with near-optimal performance and low complexity. Inspired by the idea of SIC for multiuser signal detection, we first propose to decompose the total achievable rate optimization problem with nonconvex constraints into a series of simple subrate optimization problems, each of which only considers one subantenna array. Then, we prove that maximizing the achievable subrate of each subantenna array is equivalent to simply seeking a precoding vector sufficiently close (in terms of Euclidean distance) to the unconstrained optimal solution. Finally, we propose a low-complexity algorithm to realize SIC-based hybrid precoding, which can avoid the need for the singular value decomposition (SVD) and matrix inversion. Complexity evaluation shows that the complexity of SIC-based hybrid precoding is only about 10% as complex as that of the recently proposed spatially sparse precoding in typical mmWave MIMO systems. Simulation results verify that SIC-based hybrid precoding is near-optimal and enjoys higher energy efficiency than the spatially sparse precoding and the fully digital precoding.
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) massive MIMO with lens antenna array can considerably reduce the number of required radio-frequency (RF) chains by beam selection. However, beam selection requires the base ...station to acquire the accurate information of beamspace channel. This is a challenging task as the size of beamspace channel is large, while the number of RF chains is limited. In this paper, we investigate the beamspace channel estimation problem in mm-wave massive MIMO systems with lens antenna array. Specifically, we first design an adaptive selecting network for mm-wave massive MIMO systems with lens antenna array, and based on this network, we further formulate the beamspace channel estimation problem as a sparse signal recovery problem. Then, by fully utilizing the structural characteristics of the mm-wave beamspace channel, we propose a support detection (SD)-based channel estimation scheme with reliable performance and low pilot overhead. Finally, the performance and complexity analyses are provided to prove that the proposed SD-based channel estimation scheme can estimate the support of sparse beamspace channel with comparable or higher accuracy than conventional schemes. Simulation results verify that the proposed SD-based channel estimation scheme outperforms conventional schemes and enjoys satisfying accuracy even in the low SNR region as the structural characteristics of beamspace channel can be exploited.
LINKED CONTENT
This article is linked to Wong et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17120 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17271
RAN Revolution With NGFI (xhaul) for 5G I, Chih-Lin; Li, Han; Korhonen, Jouni ...
Journal of lightwave technology,
01/2018, Letnik:
36, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
From "Rethinking Ring and Young" in 2011 to proposing next generation fronthaul interface (NGFI, aka xhaul) in 2014, the radio access network (RAN) revolutionary path to meet ambitious 5G demands has ...been charted out. Traditional fronthaul solutions fell short both in required bandwidth and architecture flexibility. NGFI proposed by China Mobile targeting a packet-based, traffic-dependent, and antenna scale-independent interface will be central to the 5G RAN revolution. This paper presents its latest progress. Specifically, a two-level NGFI architecture will be highlighted, and the function split options with associated requirements in, e.g., latency, bandwidth, and synchronization will be presented. In addition, challenges as well as the potential solutions for NGFI realization will be discussed.
A recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is one of the major concerns reflecting the higher mortality of HCC. This study aimed to explore the ...impact of circulating exosomes on HCC development and recurrence. One‐shot transfusion of hepatoma serum to naïve rats induced liver cancer development with gradual elevation of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), but exosome‐free hepatoma serum failed to induce AFP elevation. The microarray analysis revealed miR‐92b as one of the highly expressing microribonucleic acids in hepatoma serum exosomes. Overexpression of miR‐92b enhanced the migration ability of liver cancer cell lines with active release of exosomal miR‐92b. The hepatoma‐derived exosomal miR‐92b transferred to natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in the downregulation of CD69 and NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, higher expression of miR‐92b in serum exosomes was confirmed in HCC patients before LDLT, and its value at 1 month after LDLT was maintained at a higher level in the patients with posttransplant HCC recurrence. In summary, we demonstrated the impact of circulating exosomes on liver cancer development, partly through the suppression of CD69 on NK cells by hepatoma‐derived exosomal miR‐92b. The value of circulating exosomal miR‐92b may predict the risk of posttransplant HCC recurrence.
This study demonstrates the impact of circulating exosomes on liver cancer development in rats, explores functional roles of exosomal miR‐92b in the tumor microenvironment, and verifies its clinical value for early prediction of posttransplant hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence.
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