China is one of the countries with the highest incidence of gastric cancer. There are differences in epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biological characteristics, ...treatment patterns, and drug selection between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries. Non‐Chinese guidelines cannot specifically reflect the diagnosis and treatment characteristics for the Chinese gastric cancer patients. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) arranged for a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub‐specialties of gastric cancer to compile, discuss, and revise the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer based on the findings of evidence‐based medicine in China and abroad. By referring to the opinions of industry experts, taking into account of regional differences, giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources, these experts have conducted experts’ consensus judgement on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes. This guideline uses tables and is complemented by explanatory and descriptive notes covering the diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and follow‐up visits for gastric cancer.
There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biological characteristics, treatment patterns, and drug selections between gastric cancer patients ...from the Eastern and Western countries. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub‐specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually. Taking into account regional differences, giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources, these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China. The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis, treatment, follow‐up, and screening of gastric cancer. Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines, this updated guideline integrates the results of major clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year, focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations. For the comprehensive treatment of non‐metastatic gastric cancer, attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment. The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated. For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer, recommendations for immunotherapy were included, and immune checkpoint inhibitors from third‐line to the first‐line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.
The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub‐specialties of gastric cancer to compile the clinical guideline for gastric cancer in 2016 and then renewed it every year. The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for gastric cancer covered the diagnosis, treatment, follow‐up and screening.
We discuss the ability of a dark fluid becoming relevant around the time of matter-radiation equality to significantly relieve the tension between local measurements of the Hubble constant and cosmic ...microwave background (CMB) inference, within the ΛCDM model. We show that the gravitational impact of acoustic oscillations in the dark fluid balance the effects on the CMB and result in an improved fit to CMB measurements themselves while simultaneously raising the Hubble constant. The required balance favors a model where the fluid is a scalar field that converts its potential to kinetic energy around matter-radiation equality, which then quickly redshifts away. We derive the requirements on the potential for this conversion mechanism and find that a simple canonical scalar with two free parameters for its local slope and amplitude robustly improves the fit to the combined data by Δχ2≈12.7 over ΛCDM. We uncover the CMB polarization signatures that can definitively test this scenario with future data.
We discuss the phenomenological imprints of modifications to gravity in the early Universe with a specific focus on the time of recombination. We derive several interesting results regarding the ...effect that such modifications have on cosmological observables, especially on the driving and phasing of acoustic oscillations, observed in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations, as well as the weak gravitational lensing of the CMB and of galaxy shapes. This widens the pool of measurements that can be used to test gravity with present and future surveys, in particular realizing the full constraining power of the structure of the primary peaks of the CMB spectrum. We investigate whether such a phenomenology can relax tensions between cosmological measurements and find that a modification of the gravitational constant at recombination would help in reconciling measurements of the CMB with local measurements of the Hubble constant.
In recent years, direct detection, indirect detection, and collider experiments have placed increasingly stringent constraints on particle dark matter, exploring much of the parameter space ...associated with the WIMP paradigm. In this paper, we focus on the subset of WIMP models in which the dark matter annihilates in the early universe through couplings to either the Standard Model Z or the Standard Model Higgs boson. Considering fermionic, scalar, and vector dark matter candidates within a model-independent context, we find that the overwhelming majority of these dark matter candidates are already ruled out by existing experiments. In the case of Z mediated dark matter, the only scenarios that are not currently excluded are those in which the dark matter is a fermion with an axial coupling and with a mass either within a few GeV of the Z resonance (mDM ≃ mZ/2) or greater than 200 GeV, or with a vector coupling and with mDM > 6 TeV . Several Higgs mediated scenarios are currently viable if the mass of the dark matter is near the Higgs pole (mDM ≃ mH/2). Otherwise, the only scenarios that are not excluded are those in which the dark matter is a scalar (vector) heavier than 400 GeV (1160 GeV) with a Higgs portal coupling, or a fermion with a pseudoscalar (CP violating) coupling to the Standard Model Higgs boson. Furthermore, with the exception of dark matter with a purely pseudoscalar coupling to the Higgs, it is anticipated that planned direct detection experiments will probe nearly the entire range of models considered in this study.
Sepsis-associated cerebral dysfunction is complex pathophysiology, generated from primary infections that are developed elsewhere in the body. The neonates, elderly population and chronically ill and ...long-term hospitalized patients are predominantly vulnerable to sepsis and related cerebral damage. Generally, electrophysiological recordings, severity and sedation scales, computerized imaging and spectroscopy techniques are used for its detection and diagnosis. About the underlying mechanisms, enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability and metalloprotease activity, tight junction protein loss and endothelial cell degeneration promote the influx of inflammatory and toxic mediators into the brain, triggering cerebrovascular damage. An altered neutrophil count and phenotype further dysregulate the normal neuroimmune responses and neuroendocrine stability via modulated activation of protein kinase C-delta, nuclear factor kappa-B and sphingolipid signaling. Glial activation, together with pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the Toll-like receptor, destabilize the immune system. Moreover, superoxides and hydroperoxides generate oxidative stress and perturb mitochondrial dynamics and ATP synthesis, propagating neuronal injury cycle. Activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, characterized by increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage and Bax/Bcl2 ratio in the hippocampal and cortical neurons, stimulate neurocognitive impairments. Additionally, altered LC3-II/I and P62/SQSTM1, p-mTOR, p-AMPK1 and p-ULK1 levels and dysregulated autophagosome-lysosome fusion decrease neuronal and glial energy homeostasis. The therapies and procedures for attenuating sepsis-induced brain damage include early resuscitation, cerebral blood flow autoregulation, implantable electric vagus nerve stimulation, antioxidants, statins, glucocorticoids, neuroimmune axis modulators and PKCδ inhibitors. The current review enumerates the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced brain damage, its diagnosis, the role of critical inducers and mediators and, ultimately, therapeutic measures attenuating cerebrovascular degeneration.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high morbidity. Developing new therapeutic approaches with neoadjuvant is of great interest in OS treatment. Reportedly, ataxia telangiectasia ...mutated (ATM)/ataxia telangiectasia and radiation resistance gene 3 related (ATR)‐p53 signaling is considered as a critical DNA damage signaling pathway sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapies; while wild‐type p53‐induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1), an oncogene overexpressed in diverse cancers, has been regarded as a critical inhibitor in the ATM/ATR‐p53 DNA damage signaling pathway. Herein, the expression of WIP1 in OS tissues and cell lines was examined; to investigate the mechanism of WIP1 abnormal upregulation, online tools were used to predict the upstream regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting WIP1. Among the candidate miRNAs, the expression and detailed function of miR‐590 were validated. Through binding to the 3′‐untranslated region of WIP1, miR‐590 inhibited WIP1 expression and, therefore, enhanced the effect of Dox on OS cell proliferation and apoptosis through downstream ATM‐p53 signaling. Moreover, RELA could bind to the promoter region of miR‐590 to inhibit its expression, thereby affecting downstream WIP1 and ATM‐p53 signaling. The expression of p65 was upregulated in OS tissues, indicating that the effect of p65 inhibition on cell viability, apoptosis, and related mechanisms could be partially restored by miR‐590 inhibition. Taken together, these results showed that p65‐mediated miR‐590/WIP1/ATM‐p53 modulation might be a novel target to enhance the cellular effect of Dox on OS cell lines.
Understanding the mechanism of the chemoresistance of osteosarcoma (OS) and developing new therapeutic approaches with neoadjuvant are of great interest in OS treatment. Herein, we demonstrate that p65 binds to the promoter region of miR‐590 to inhibit its expression, thereby affecting the cellular effect of Dox on OS cell lines through downstream wild‐type p53‐induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)‐p53 signaling.
Scientific reading and communication have become key components in postsecondary science education. However, undergraduates have often been found to lack motivation to engage in these tasks. The ...present study surveyed 2098 undergraduates and 27 biology faculty members to compare their views on the importance and time cost of eight practices in authentic inquiry. Overall, the undergraduates considered scientific reading and communication less important than other inquiry practices (e.g., data analysis), whereas the faculty members ranked reading and writing highly important. The undergraduates who ranked scientific reading and communicative practices important tended to include the purposes and functions of these practices in their explanations. In contrast, the undergraduates who ranked the practices less important expressed multiple misconceptions about the applications of reading and communication, including that they are peripheral research components; they may not affect the inquiry results; they come after experiments; they are less important than other practices; and they are unnecessary. Four inquiry perspectives were identified from the respondents, including collective equality, knowledge generation, chronological order, and time investment. These perspectives significantly impacted undergraduates' rankings on scientific reading and communication practices and six underlying perceptions.
We report acute antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 285 patients with COVID-19. Within 19 days after symptom onset, 100% of patients tested positive for antiviral immunoglobulin-G (IgG). ...Seroconversion for IgG and IgM occurred simultaneously or sequentially. Both IgG and IgM titers plateaued within 6 days after seroconversion. Serological testing may be helpful for the diagnosis of suspected patients with negative RT-PCR results and for the identification of asymptomatic infections.
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