The contributions show how language codes and creates intersubjectivity, how interactants move towards shared understanding in interaction, how intersubjectivity is central to phenomena and ...experiences often considered merely individual, and how intersubjectivity evolves through learning.
Bivalves are the focus of experimental research as they can filtrate a broad size range of microplastics (MPs) with negative consequences for their physiology. Studies use a range of MP shapes, ...materials, sizes and concentrations raising the question on whether these reflect environmental observations. We review experimental studies on the effects of MPs on marine bivalves and contrast the MP characteristics used with corresponding data from the environment. Mussels were the most common bivalve across experiments which reflect their high abundance and broad distribution in the field. Although fibres are the dominant shape of MPs in coastal systems, most studies focus on spherules and beads, and MP concentrations are often orders of magnitude higher than environmental levels. For higher relevance of experimental findings we recommend that maximum experimental concentrations of MPs are in the range of 100–1000 particles/L, that there is more focus on microfibers and that concentration is reported in particles/volume.
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•Microplastic (MP) exposure studies on bivalves must reflect realistic exposure risks•The focus of experiments on mussels and nanoplastics is environmentally relevant.•Future experimental studies should focus on fibres instead of spherical MPs.•Lower MP concentration levels are recommended in long-term exposure studies.•Consensus on the environmental MPs sizes and concentrations is needed.
•This article analyzes the Swedish epistemic disclaimer jag vet inte in patient responses.•The responses problematize the presupposed access or rights to knowledge.•By claiming no knowledge, the ...speaker can initiate a shift in epistemic posture.•The shift is toward a more independent, personally accurate formulation of knowledge.•This formulation of knowledge contrasts with the professional party's assumptions.
This article analyzes the halts in sequential progressivity that are caused by claims of no-knowledge in Swedish medical interaction. The focus is on responsive turns and turn-constructional units that are prefaced by the epistemic disclaimer jag vet inte ‘I don’t know’. We argue that this use of epistemic disclaimers does not primarily display the speaker's lack of knowledge, but that their presence signals interactional problems that are contingent on epistemic asymmetries between the participants. Patient replies that contain an epistemic disclaimer are nonconforming responses and they therefore resist something about the question: the presupposed access to knowledge or the rights to knowledge. The present analysis demonstrates that epistemic tensions, especially in lay–professional interaction, are handled by the lay party using epistemic disclaimers. These can initiate a shift in epistemic posture toward a more independent, more personally accurate formulation of knowledge that somehow contrasts with the professional party's assumptions.
In the late nineteenth century, tens of thousands of porters
carried ivory every year from the African interior to Bagamoyo, a
port town at the Indian Ocean. In the opposite direction, they
carried ...millions of meters of cloth, manufactured in the USA,
Europe, and India. This book examines the centrality of the caravan
trade, both culturally and economically, to Bagamoyo's development
and cosmopolitan character, while also exploring how this history
was silenced when Bagamoyo was instead branded as a slave route
town in 2006 in an attempt to qualify it for the UNESCO World
Heritage List.
The biofiltration capacity of bivalve populations is known to alleviate the effects of coastal eutrophication. However, this important ecosystem service could potentially be impaired by the ...increasing microplastic abundance in near shore environments. It is known that relatively large microplastics (∼500 μm) impair the filtration capacity of bivalves. However, the effect of smaller microplastics, and specifically microfibers, is not known even though they are more common in many natural systems and similar in size to phytoplankton, the main food source of mussels. Here, we investigated the effects of long-term exposure to microfibers (MFs), which are smaller than 100 μm, on the biofiltration capacity of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Our findings show that long-term exposure (here 39 days) to microfibers significantly reduced (21%) the clearance of phytoplankton (Tetraselmis sp). While previous studies have shown that larger microplastics can decrease the filtration capacity of mussels after short-term exposure, our findings suggest that, for smaller MFs, mussel’s clearance capacity is significantly affected after long-term exposure (39 days in this study). This may be due to the accumulation of MFs in the digestive system. In addition, the most efficient phytoplankton consumers were more susceptible to MF accumulation in the digestive system. This suggests that prolonged exposure to MF of coastal mussels could negatively impact the biofiltration of more potent individuals, thus decreasing the ecosystem service potential of the population as a whole.
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•Our experiment showed that small microfibers can impact clearance in the long term.•A wide range of microfiber quantities was found in the digestive system of mussels.•Efficient phytoplankton consumers were more susceptible to microfiber accumulation.•Increasing microfiber pollution can impact coastal ecosystem services by mussels.
We found that long-term exposure to small microfibers can impair the phytoplankton clearance by coastal mussels.
Emergent Syntax for Conversation Maschler, Yael; Pekarek Doehler, Simona; Lindström, Jan ...
2020, 2020-02-15, Letnik:
32
eBook, Book
This volume explores how emergent patterns of complex syntax - that is, syntactic structures beyond a simple clause - relate to the local contingencies of action formation in social interaction.
•The interactional analysis of pseudo-clefts is situated within earlier studies of the structure.•Pseudo-clefts in six languages are compared with respect to structure and interactional ...aspects.•Cross-language consistencies are found with respect to syntactic features of pseudo-clefts.•Cross-language consistencies are found regarding lexico-semantic features of pseudo-clefts.•Some consistencies are found regarding prosody and embodiment of pseudo-cleft turns.•Findings point to universal interactional motivations for use of pseudo-clefts across languages.
In this introduction to the special issue “Pseudo-Clefts from a Comparative Pragmatic Typological Perspective”, we first discuss the current state of research on the use of pseudo-cleft-like structures in talk-in-interaction. We then compare their use in the six languages investigated in this special issue: French, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin and Swedish, focusing on both structural features and interactional aspects of pseudo-clefts, as they emerge in social interaction. While there have been some previous interactional linguistic studies of pseudo-clefts in a variety of languages, there has been no study systematically investigating this structure from a comparative and interactional cross-language perspective. Our introduction is thus motivated by the need to fill in this gap. Specifically, we compare the six languages with respect to syntactic and lexico-semantic variation, and with respect to prosodic and embodied features of pseudo-cleft turns. We argue that the findings point to universal interactional motivations for the grammatical properties of this structure, and that the analysis of pseudo-clefts occurring in natural, face-to-face interaction needs to pay close attention to two central dimensions of talk: temporality and embodiment.
As selection acts on multivariate phenotypes, the evolution of traits within populations not only depends on the genetic basis of each trait, but also on the genetic relationships among traits. As ...metabolic rate is often related to vital traits such as growth, physiology and behaviour, its variation and evolution is expected to have important repercussions on individual fitness. However, the majority of the correlations between metabolic rate and other traits has been based on phenotypic correlations, while genetic correlations, basis for indirect selection and evolution, have been overlooked. Using a case study, we explore the importance of properly estimating genetic correlations to understand and predict evolution of multivariate phenotypes. We show that selection on metabolic traits could result in indirect selection mainly on growth-related traits, owing to strong genetic correlations, but not on swimming or risk-taking and sociability behaviour even if they covary phenotypically. While phenotypic correlation can inform about genetic correlation direction, caution is needed in predicting the magnitude of genetic correlation. Therefore, even though phenotypic correlations among physiological and behavioural traits could be useful, deriving evolutionary conclusions based purely on them is not robust. In short, proper estimation of genetic correlations is needed when predicting evolutionary consequences. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
Animal social networks can be extremely complex and are characterized by highly non-random interactions between group members. However, very little is known about the underlying factors affecting ...interaction preferences, and hence network structure. One possibility is that behavioural differences between individuals, such as how bold or shy they are, can affect the frequency and distribution of their interactions within a network. We tested this using individually marked three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and found that bold individuals had fewer overall interactions than shy fish, but tended to distribute their interactions more evenly across all group members. Shy fish, on the other hand, tended to associate preferentially with a small number of other group members, leading to a highly skewed distribution of interactions. This was mediated by the reduced tendency of shy fish to move to a new location within the tank when they were interacting with another individual; bold fish showed no such tendency and were equally likely to move irrespective of whether they were interacting or not. The results show that animal social network structure can be affected by the behavioural composition of group members and have important implications for understanding the spread of information and disease in social groups.
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