The need to control violent and non-violent harm has been central to human existence since societies first emerged. This book analyses the problem of harm in world politics which stems from the fact ...that societies require the power to harm in order to defend themselves from internal and external threats, but must also control the capacity to harm so that people cannot kill, injure, humiliate or exploit others as they please. Andrew Linklater analyses writings in moral and legal philosophy that define and classify forms of harm, and discusses the ways in which different theories of international relations suggest the power to harm can be controlled so that societies can co-exist with the minimum of violent and non-violent harm. Linklater argues for new connections between the English School study of international society and Norbert Elias' analysis of civilizing processes in order to advance the study of harm in world politics.
Andrew Linklater has been one of the most innovative thinkers in international relations, introducing critical and ethical elements into the discipline which has forced it to rethink many of its ...basic assumptions. This book builds on this body of work to develop a radical new theory that calls for a cosmopolitan approach to international relations. Key subjects covered in the book include:citizenship and humanitycritical theory and political communitythe problem of harm the sociology of states-systems.
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of blood transfusion, mortality rate, and factors associated with transfusion in dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ...ANIMALS 63 client-owned dogs and 9-client owned cats that underwent liver lobectomy at a specialty veterinary practice from August 2007 through June 2015. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and data extracted regarding dog and cat signalment, hematologic test results before and after surgery, surgical method, number and identity of lobes removed, concurrent surgical procedures, hemoabdomen detected during surgery, incidence of blood transfusion, and survival to hospital discharge (for calculation of mortality rate). Variables were compared between patients that did and did not require transfusion. RESULTS 11 of 63 (17%) dogs and 4 of 9 cats required a blood transfusion. Mortality rate was 8% for dogs and 22% for cats. Pre- and postoperative PCV and plasma total solids concentration were significantly lower and mortality rate significantly higher in dogs requiring transfusion than in dogs not requiring transfusion. Postoperative PCV was significantly lower in cats requiring transfusion than in cats not requiring transfusion. No significant differences in any other variable were identified between dogs and cats requiring versus not requiring transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy had a high requirement for blood transfusion, and a higher requirement for transfusion should be anticipated in dogs with perioperative anemia and cats with postoperative anemia. Veterinarians performing liver lobectomies in dogs and cats should have blood products readily available.
A 2-year-old neutered male 35-kg golden retriever mixed breed dog was presented because of a 3-day history of increased respiratory effort. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with a lung lobe ...torsion and underwent lung lobectomy. Chylothorax developed after surgery and persisted for 3.5 y. Pleural access port (PAP) placement was used for long-term medical management. Several complications were encountered, including 2 episodes of PAP occlusion that were successfully treated with unfractionated heparin. The dog had a surgical site seroma and 2 episodes of pleuritis; euthanasia was elected after the second episode.
Key clinical message:
This case demonstrates successful long-term management of chylothorax with a pleural access port and management of 3 complications. Instead of the less accessible and more expensive tissue plasminogen activator, unfractionated heparin was used as an effective treatment for PAP occlusions.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine if male cats treated with 7 days of prazosin following relief of urethral obstruction (UO) experienced decreased rates of recurrent urethral ...obstruction (rUO) within 30 days vs those treated with 7 days of placebo.
Methods
All castrated male cats presenting for the first time with UO from May 2014 to August 2017 were eligible for enrollment. Exclusion criteria included the administration of medications or passage of a urinary catheter prior to referral, the presence of heart disease or hypertension requiring medication, prior treatment with glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, prazosin or phenoxybenzamine, or radiographic identification of cystoliths. Cats were treated with standardized anesthetic and analgesic protocols, standardized indwelling urinary catheter management, and were hospitalized for care. A random numbers table was generated prior to study initiation and cats were randomized to receive either prazosin (0.5 mg PO q12h for 7 days) or placebo in a blinded fashion. A 30-day follow-up with owners via telephone was performed to identify the rate of rUO. Cats that did not receive the full course of study medication were removed from the analysis. The study was unblinded at the end of data collection.
Results
Eighty cats were enrolled and 65 cats completed the study; 12 were excluded because they did not receive the study medication. Sixteen of 65 cats experienced rUO (25%). Of the 16 cats experiencing rUO, five received placebo (n = 5/28 18%) and 11 received prazosin (n = 11/37 30%). Ten of the cats that experienced rUO reblocked while still hospitalized. There was no significant difference in frequency of rUO in cats treated with prazosin vs placebo (P = 0.27).
Conclusions and relevance
Prazosin administered at 0.5 mg PO q12h did not decrease the rate of rUO in this population of obstructed male cats vs placebo. These results further support evidence suggesting that prazosin may not be beneficial in prevention of feline rUO.
Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of veterinary emergency service pause systems (VESPSs) and describe aspects of implementation and perceived impact. Design Electronic questionnaire ...Setting Membership of the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society (VECCS). Animals None. Interventions None. Measurement and Main Results A questionnaire was distributed to 6176 VECCS members with 1168 responses. Seventy‐six percent of the respondents were veterinarians. Ninety‐one percent of respondents practice in the United States, with 74% of them working at 24/7 multispecialty practices. Eighty‐seven percent of respondents indicated patient volume had increased, and 75% reported that a VESPS had been implemented between September 2020 and December 2021. Sixty‐two percent reported that their emergency service had been paused or closed once per week or more. The top reasons for implementing a VESPS included excessive caseload and staffing shortages. A variety of methods were utilized to implement a pause. Sixty‐nine percent reported their VESPS was less than ideal for effectiveness. Pause systems were reported to be highly supported by medical staff. Seventy‐seven percent reported increased client frustration and complaints, and 57% reported staff were stressed from denying care. Of those who do not currently have a VESPS in place, 74% would prefer to have one. Conclusions VESPSs were in widespread use at the time of this survey, and most have been implemented between September 2020 and December 2021. The majority of VESPSs were employed to mitigate increased caseload and staffing shortages. Although VESPSs are largely supported by medical staff, drawbacks may include staff stress and client frustrations, and improvements are warranted.
Objective
To evaluate the incidence of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (HCMA) in dogs and cats in the ICU that had intermittent nasogastric tube (NGT) aspiration for up to 36 hours.
Design
...Prospective cohort study (December 2013 to October 2014).
Setting
Privately owned emergency and referral teaching hospital.
Animals
Forty‐nine client‐owned dogs and 16 client‐owned cats.
Interventions
Patients wherein NGT placement was recommended and client consent was obtained were included in the interventional group. Those with an NGT placed (NGT group) had the NGT aspirated every 4 hours. Patients for whom placement of a NGT was declined by the owner served as a reference group (NoNGT). Venous blood gas and electrolyte values were obtained every 12 hours.
Measurements and Main Results
Thirty‐five dogs and cats had an NGT placed. Thirty dogs and cats did not have an NGT placed. The serum venous blood gas and electrolyte changes were compared over time within the NGT group and between the NGT and NoNGT groups. No cases developed HCMA. In the NGT group, blood pH increased over time. There was no significant difference between the NGT and the NoNGT group in the average value of pH, HCO3−, base excess, chloride, or corrected chloride. Serum venous blood gas, chloride, and corrected chloride changes were not associated with the volumes of gastric fluid aspirated over time.
Conclusions
In this small population of dogs and cats, intermittent NGT aspiration was not associated with the development of HCMA over a period of up to 36 hours after NGT placement.
The role of symbols in world politics remains on the margins of the study of international relations. There has been no systematic discussion of how to promote theoretically informed empirical ...analyses of their role in earlier epochs and in the current era. This article defends a long-term perspective on symbols that emphasises their relationship with the overall historical trend towards societies of greater magnitude and destructive power. It advances a preliminary classification of analytically distinguishable core symbols in order to support future inquiries into symbols in state-organised societies and symbols that have been central to attempts to create wider solidarities. A long-term perspective on symbolic realms is important in order to understand the relationship between ‘national’ and ‘cosmopolitan symbols’ in the current era. Current challenges in the symbolic sphere illustrate more general trends in human societies, namely, problems in constructing wider symbolic frameworks that permit closer cooperation between groups in the context of increasing levels of interconnectedness.
Monitoring and Intervention for the Critically Ill Small Animal: The Rule of 20 offers guidance for assessing the patient, interpreting diagnostic test results, and selecting appropriate monitoring ...procedures. * Based on Rebecca Kirby's time-tested Rule of 20, with a chapter devoted to each item on the checklist * Provides comprehensive guidance for monitoring a critically ill small animal patient * Emphasizes the interplay of each parameter with one another * Designed for fast access on the clinic floor, with potentially life-saving ideas, tips, lists and procedures * Presents tables, schematics, algorithms, and drawings for quick reference
OBJECTIVE: To describe the use and outcome following autologous blood transfusion (ABT) in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study (January 2007–July 2012). SETTING: Private veterinary referral center. ...ANIMALS: Twenty‐five dogs that underwent ABT secondary to thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The hospital transaction database was searched using the keyword “autotransfusion” from January 2007 to July 2012. Data collected included signalment, body weight, etiology of hemorrhage, source and method of collection, volumes and method of ABT administration, use of anticoagulant, reported complications, and outcome. Twenty‐five dogs were included for a total of 27 ABTs. Causes of hemorrhage included vascular trauma (14/25 dogs, 56%), ruptured tumor (8/25, 32%), and coagulopathy attributed to brodifacoum toxicosis (3/25, 12%). Autologous blood was collected from the abdominal (19/25, 76%), thoracic (5/25, 20%), or abdominal and thoracic cavities (1/25, 4%). Anticoagulant was added to the ABT blood in 13 of 25 (52%) cases. A median ABT volume of 29.3 mL/kg (range 2.9–406.9 mL/kg) was infused through either a 210 μm blood administration filter (21/27, 78%) or an 18 μm hemonate filter (6/27, 22%). Reported complications that may have been associated with ABT included hypocalcemia (4/17, 24%), hemolyzed serum (5/19, 26%), and prolonged coagulation times (4/5, 80%). These complications were considered of minimal clinical significance. Additional blood products were administered in 17 of 25 (68%) dogs. Seventeen (68%) dogs survived to discharge. Cause of death in the remaining cases was euthanasia or cardiac arrest secondary to uncontrollable hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: ABT is an adjunct to volume replacement in dogs with thoracic or abdominal hemorrhage secondary to vascular trauma, ruptured tumor, or anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis. ABT may be used as bridge to definitive hemorrhage control, particularly when other blood products are not available or affordable. Complications may include hypocalcemia, prolonged coagulation times, and hemolysis.
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