Infections during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental etiologies, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Studies have ...shown that the animal model of maternal immune activation (MIA) reproduces a wide range of phenotypes relevant to the study of neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence shows that (R)-ketamine attenuates behavioral, cellular, and molecular changes observed in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate whether (R)-ketamine administration during adolescence attenuates some of the phenotypes related to neurodevelopmental disorders in an animal model of MIA. For MIA, pregnant Swiss mice received intraperitoneally (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg/day) or saline on gestational days 15 and 16. The two MIA-based groups of male offspring received (R)-ketamine (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.) or saline from postnatal day (PND) 36 to 50. At PND 62, the animals were examined for anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in the open-field test (OFT), as well as in the social interaction test (SIT). At PND 63, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was collected for analysis of oxidative balance and gene expression of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β1. We show that (R)-ketamine abolishes anxiety-related behavior and social interaction deficits induced by MIA. Additionally, (R)-ketamine attenuated the increase in lipid peroxidation and the cytokines in the PFC of the offspring exposed to MIA. The present work suggests that (R)-ketamine administration may have a long-lasting attenuation in deficits in emotional behavior induced by MIA, and that these effects may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the PFC.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most important medical emergencies of the 21st century. However, commercially available oral drugs with antidiabetic properties have been limited because of ...potential side effects, such as: hypoglycemia, weight gain, hepatic dysfunction and abdominal discomfort. As well as antidiabetic drugs, many types of medicinal herbal supplements are utilized as alternative treatments for DM and related comorbidities. Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as “umbu”, has been used in traditional medicine to treat a vast range of diseases, including DM, infections, digestive disorders, diarrhea and menstrual abnormalities.
This study evaluated the effect of the hydroethanolic extract of the inner stem bark of Spondias tuberosa (EEStb) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of STZ (40 mg/kg i.p.). Diabetic rats were treated with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of the EEStb for 21 days. Water intake, urinary volume, body weight, as well as biochemical parameters, such as cholesterol total (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), hepatic and muscle glycogen urea, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, and glucose blood levels, were analyzed. We also determined the hepatic antioxidant state, as well as both of insulin and glucose tolerance.
The extract was evaluated by HPLC, and the major components of EESTb were identified (i.e. gallic acid and quercetin). The 500 mg/kg dosage of EEStb significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and post-prandial glucose. The EEStb also reduced urinary volume, food and water intake, as well as decreased body weight gain. Diabetic rats that received EEStb had a lower loss of muscle mass and white adipose tissue. Additionally, EEStb improved the urinary excretion of urea and glucose. The extract significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL in diabetic rats. However, no significant effect was observed on the levels of total and HDL cholesterol. EEStb treatment prevented hepatotoxic diabetic-induced, improved GSH:GSSG ratio, SOD and CAT activity as well as reduced nitrite and TBARs levels.
Our results demonstrate that EEStb has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects as well as improves insulin sensibility in diabetic rats. This indicates that S. tuberosa could be a potential resource for alternative therapies in the treatment of hyperglycemic conditions. These results also support the use of EEStb in ethnomedicine for the management of diabetes.
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The present study evaluated the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) pathway in the cholera toxin-induced diarrhea and its possible action mechanism. The ...pharmacological modulation with CORM-2 (a CO donor) or Hemin (a HO-1 inducer) decreased the intestinal fluid secretion and Cl− efflux, altered by cholera toxin. In contrast, ZnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor) reversed the antisecretory effect of Hemin and potentiated cholera toxin-induced intestinal secretion. Moreover, CORM-2 also prevented the alteration of intestinal epithelial architecture and local vascular permeability promoted by cholera toxin. The intestinal absorption was not altered by any of the pharmacological modulators. Cholera toxin inoculation also increased HO-1 immunoreactivity and bilirubin levels, a possible protective physiological response. Finally, using fluorometric technique, ELISA assay and molecular docking simulations, we show evidence that CO directly interacts with cholera toxin, forming a complex that affects its binding to GM1 receptor, which help explain the antisecretory effect. Thus, CO is an essential molecule for protection against choleric diarrhea and suggests its use as a possible therapeutic tool.
•Rhizophora mangle hydrogel has therapeutic activity in ischemic skin flaps of rats.•Histomofometry analysis of skin flaps treated with hydrogel associated with Rhizophora mangle extract.•The use of ...hydrogel to prevent necrosis in ischemic skin flaps.•The use of mangrove plants to prevent necrosis in ischemic skin flaps.
Necrosis in ischemic cutaneous flaps (ISF) is a type of surgical failure more feared among surgical complications. Currently, synthetic drugs are applied during the treatment of necrosis in ISF and although several substances show improvement in viability, some require application at high systemic doses, which can produce important side effects. Therefore, the search for natural substances with fewer side effects is constant. The use of medicinal plants that stimulate angiogenesis is commonly mentioned in previous studies and in this case Rhizophora mangle L. (R. mangle) highlights that among its main compounds have tannins and flavonoids that are very chemically reactive in various biological activities. This study aimed to associate a natural hydrogel to the 5% extract of R. mangle and to evaluate its potential in the prevention of tissue necrosis in distal portions of ISF in rats, using the model proposed by Macfarlane, et al. (1965).
Ischemic skin flaps were made in the thin dorsal skin area of 28 Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups, group A: received only saline, group B where the aqueous extract of R. mangle was applied, group C received the 1.5% hydrogel of xanthan gum (XG) + placebo and group D was applied the hydrogel associated with 5% R. mangle extract. Morphometric analyses of the areas of tissue necrosis were performed from photographic records using the software Photoshop® and ImageJ®. In addition, 5 photomicrographs were taken from each histological sample of each animal for histomorphometric analysis that obtained the count of fibroblasts and blood vessels.
The mean percentage of necrotic areas was: group (A) – 50,66%, group (B) – 40,49%, group (C) – 37,44% and group (D) – 34,25%. The statistical analysis, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, showed a significant difference (p < 0.001).
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by acute inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which is implicated in cerebral dysfunction. Murici ...(Byrsonimacrassifolia (L.) Kunth) is a fruit rich in antioxidant compounds, which could be an alternative to prevent damage to tissues induced by sepsis
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Here, we evaluated the effects of sepsis on the propagation of cortical spreading depression (CSD) and oxidative stress, and tested the action of murici antioxidant extract in prevention against the effect of sepsis. Male Wistar rats (90-210 days, n = 40) were previously supplemented, orogastrically, with murici extract (150 mg/kg/day or 300 mg/kg/day), or an equivalent volume of the vehicle solution, for fifteen days. Then the animals were subjected to experimental sepsis through cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Subsequently, CSD recordings were obtained and brain oxidative stress was evaluated. Sepsis decelerated CSD and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain cortex of the animals. In contrast, septic rats that had been previously supplemented with murici antioxidant extract in doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg/day showed an increase in CSD propagation velocity, low levels of MDA and GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, regardless of the dose tested. Our results demonstrate that sepsis affects brain excitability and that this effect can be prevented by murici antioxidant extract. The effects of sepsis and/or murici extract on CSD may be due to the oxidative state of the brain.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Uma das mais importantes complicações crônicas do diabetes mellitus é o pé diabético. Por sua gravidade, pode levar a amputações de extremidades inferiores. Entretanto, por apresentar uma evolução ...lenta, permite o desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção e controle. A abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família, quanto a possibilidade de diagnóstico precoce tanto do diabetes como desta complicação favorece a condução de estudos epidemiológicos visando conhecer sua magnitude. Este artigo objetivou determinar a proporção de portadores de pé diabético atendidos nas unidades de saúde da família da cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Desenvolveu-se um levantamento epidemiológico, com amostra probabilística dos prontuários de pacientes com diabetes cadastrados nos seis distritos sanitários do município. Foram analisadas relações entre as variáveis sócio-econômicas, condições de saúde e ocorrência de amputação a partir de 1.374 prontuários. Observou-se uma prevalência de 9% de portadores de pé diabético. Encontrou-se associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa com as variáveis: alcoolismo e ocorrência de amputação (p < 0,001). A prevalência de amputações em extremidades inferiores foi de 25,6% dentre os portadores da complicação e de 2,3% do total da amostra.
One of the most important chronic complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic foot. Severe progression of diabetes can lead to lower limb amputations. However, since evolution of the disease is ...slow, it is possible to implement prevention and control measures. The scope of the Family Health Program (in terms of the possibility of early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot) favors epidemiological studies to determine the problem's magnitude. This article aimed to identify the proportion of individuals with diabetic foot treated at family health units in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil. An epidemiological survey was conducted with a probabilistic sample of medical charts of diabetic patients (N = 1,374) enrolled in six health districts in the city, analyzing relations between socioeconomic variables, health conditions, and the occurrence of amputation. Diabetic foot was observed in 9% of the sample. There was a positive and statistically significant association with the variables alcoholism and amputation (p < 0.001). The prevalence of lower limb amputations was 25.6% among individuals with complications and 2.3% of the total sample.
Morus nigra, popularly known as mulberry, has been traditionally used as anti-diabetic herbal medication. This study focused on hexane fraction from Brazilian M. nigra leaves (Hex-Mn) effects on ...digestion and absorption of carbohydrate in diabetic mice. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed, and showed the presence of flavonoids isoquercetin and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside. Hex-Mn did not alter oral glucose tolerance test; however, it prevented hyperglycemia in oral sucrose and starch tolerance test in diabetic mice. Also, Hex-Mn was more efficient to inhibit the α-glucosidase, showing lower inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity in vitro. The results suggest that Hex-Mn may delay the carbohydrate digestion, but not glucose transport through brush border membrane of the intestine, which contribute with reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia in mice. Hex-Mn has antihyperglycemic effect by attenuating the carbohydrate digestion in diabetic mice, which could be explained, at least in part, by the presence of isoquercetin and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.
Skin flaps necrosis is an important complication in reconstructive surgeries and implies in more comorbidity to patients and higher costs due to and longer period of dressing and local wound care. ...This article intends to review physiology of non-ischemic and ischemic flaps and approach the main substances classes investigated to improve ischemic flaps viability. It’s fundamental understanding biochemical events that occur during flap surgery and how neurovascular effect, inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to skin flap necrosis. Many substances have been researched to improve ischemic flaps viability, such as vasodilators, heparinoids, ROS scavengers and others. They presented good results, however most of them were studied in animal models only. Recent studies using gene therapy have obtained really excitant results, however in experimental models. Although a vast number of substances have been researched, Nitroglycerin has been tested in humans can be already used besides its side effects.
Nectandra leucantha has been used in traditional medicine. Several metabolites isolated from N. leucantha extracts displayed immunomodulatory, antileishmanial properties, but the determination of the ...toxicological profile in mammals has not previously been performed. In this study, the ethanol extract from N. leucantha barks (EENl) was characterized by HPLC/HRESIMS. To study acute toxicity, female mice received EENl in a single dose of 100, 300, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg bw. Later, sub-acute toxicity was introduced in female and male mice by oral gavage at 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw for 28 consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical profiles from the blood as well as histological analysis from the liver and kidney were performed. The HPLC/HRESIMS analysis of the EENl revealed the presence of six neolignans chemically related to dehydrodieugenol B. In the oral acute and sub-chronic studies, EENl did not produce in all doses evaluated any alteration in behavior, biochemical, hematological, body weight gain and food intake or sudden death in Swiss mice. In addition, histopathological data did not reveal any disturbance in liver and kidney morphology after 28 days of EENl treatment. Our results indicate that EENl at dosage levels up to 2000 mg/kg bw is non-toxic and can be considered safe for mammals.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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