Protons are the new first responders Liu, Bingxu
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2024-Feb-16, 2024-02-16, 20240216, Letnik:
383, Številka:
6684
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
Human STING's newfound function as a channel expands our understanding of immunity.
Two-dimensional (2D) MoS
2
with appealing physical properties is a promising candidate for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices, where the ultrathin MoS
2
is usually laid on or gated ...by a dielectric oxide layer. The oxide/MoS
2
interfaces widely existing in these devices have significant impacts on the carrier transport of the MoS
2
channel by diverse interface interactions. Artificial design of the oxide/MoS
2
interfaces would provide an effective way to break through the performance limit of the 2D devices but has yet been well explored. Here, we report a high-performance MoS
2
-based phototransistor with an enhanced photoresponse by interfacing few-layer MoS
2
with an ultrathin TiO
2
layer. The TiO
2
is deposited on MoS
2
through the oxidation of an e-beam-evaporated ultrathin Ti layer. Upon a visible-light illumination, the fabricated TiO
2
/MoS
2
phototransistor exhibits a responsivity of up to 2,199 A/W at a gate voltage of 60 V and a detectivity of up to 1.67 × 10
13
Jones at a zero-gate voltage under a power density of 23.2 µW/mm
2
. These values are 4.0 and 4.2 times those of the pure MoS
2
phototransistor. The significantly enhanced photoresponse of TiO
2
/MoS
2
device can be attributed to both interface charge transfer and photogating effects. Our results not only provide valuable insights into the interactions at TiO
2
/MoS
2
interface, but also may inspire new approach to develop other novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D layered materials.
Large scale solar‐driven hydrogen production is a crucial step toward decarbonizing society. However, the solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency, long‐term stability, and cost‐effectiveness in ...hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) still need to be improved. Herein, an efficient approach is demonstrated to produce low‐dimensional Pt/graphene‐carbon nanofibers (CNFs)‐based heterostructures for bias‐free, highly efficient, and durable HER. Carbon dots are used as efficient building blocks for the in situ formation of graphene along the CNFs surface. The presence of graphene enhances the electronic conductivity of CNFs to ≈3013.5 S m−1 and simultaneously supports the uniform Pt clusters growth and efficient electron transport during HER. The electrode with a low Pt loading amount (3.4 µg cm−2) exhibits a remarkable mass activity of HER in both acidic and alkaline media, which is significantly better than that of commercial Pt/C (31 µg cm−2 of Pt loading). In addition, using a luminescent solar concentrator‐coupled solar cell to provide voltage, the bias‐free water splitting system exhibits an STH efficiency of 0.22% upon one‐sun illumination. These results are promising toward using low‐dimensional heterostructured catalysts for future energy storage and conversion applications.
The Pt/graphene‐carbon nanofibers (CNFs)‐based heterostructures are prepared for the cost‐effective, highly efficient, and durable hydrogen evolution reaction. Carbon dots are used for the in situ formation of graphene along the CNFs surface by self‐cross‐linking. The presence of graphene enhances the electronic conductivity of the CNFs and simultaneously supports the uniform growth of Pt clusters on the G‐CNFs.
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an intracellular sensor of cyclic di-nucleotides involved in the innate immune response against pathogen- or self-derived DNA. STING trafficking is tightly ...linked to its function, and its dysregulation can lead to disease. Here, we systematically characterize genes regulating STING trafficking and examine their impact on STING-mediated responses. Using proximity-ligation proteomics and genetic screens, we demonstrate that an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complex containing HGS, VPS37A and UBAP1 promotes STING degradation, thereby terminating STING-mediated signaling. Mechanistically, STING oligomerization increases its ubiquitination by UBE2N, forming a platform for ESCRT recruitment at the endosome that terminates STING signaling via sorting in the lysosome. Finally, we show that expression of a UBAP1 mutant identified in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and associated with disrupted ESCRT function, increases steady-state STING-dependent type I IFN responses in healthy primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells and fibroblasts. Based on these findings, we propose that STING is subject to a tonic degradative flux and that the ESCRT complex acts as a homeostatic regulator of STING signaling.
SUMMARY
The activities of frontal thrusts in the northern Qilian Shan are critical for understanding the deformation of the Qilian Shan and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we ...estimate the slip rate of the active Fodongmiao–Hongyazi thrust along the northern margin of the Qilian Shan. High-resolution satellite imagery interpretations and detailed field investigations suggest that the fault displaced late Pleistocene terraces and formed fresh prominent north-facing fault scarps. To quantify the slip rate of the fault, we measured the displacements along the fault scarps using an unmanned aerial vehicle system and dated the displaced geomorphic surfaces using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 14C methods. The vertical slip rate of the fault is estimated at 1.0 ± 0.3 mm yr−1 for the western segment. The slip rates for two branches in the eastern segment are 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 mm yr−1. Using a fault dip of 40 ± 10°, we constrain the corresponding shortening rates to 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.4 mm yr−1, respectively. The rates are consistent with values over different timescales, which suggests steady rock uplift and northeastward growth of the western Qilian Shan. Crustal shortening occurs mainly on the range-bounding frontal thrust.
An eco-friendly and effective degumming method needed to be developed for producing kenaf bast fibers. This study devised a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) method coupled with microwave and ...alkaline-ultrasonic treatment. The novel method could effectively remove the gummy matters, providing a smooth and clean fiber surface. The properties of the fibers were assessed including chemical compositions, surface structure, crystallinity index (66.68%) and thermal properties. The residual gum content (9.419%), fiber fineness (4.125tex), breaking tenacity (13.650 cn/tex) of the refined dry fibers produced by the novel treatment were comparable with the fibers produced by the traditional two-step alkali boiling method. Besides, the novel method could reduce the usage of chemical, water and time by 48.9%, by 66.7% and 66.8%, respectively. These results revealed that the novel combined DES pretreatment is a practical and feasible pretreatment method for kenaf bast degumming, demonstrating its facile, green energy-saving and fast properties in the degumming process.
Recently, significant progress has been made in colloidal quantum dot (QD) based optoelectronic devices for solar energy conversion, such as solar cells, luminescent solar concentrators, and ...solar-driven photoelectrochemical devices. In this Research Update, we summarized the most recent works on the QD based optoelectronic devices. Particularly, we focused on the effect of the QD structure on the functional properties of QD based devices. The major factors that determine the efficiency of the optoelectronic devices were discussed. In the end, we proposed potential ways to address the future challenges and opportunities of this field.
Abstract
Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn increasing attention due to their promising applications for wearable electronics and aerospace applications. However, the efficiency and ...stability of flexible PSCs still lag behind their rigid counterparts. Here, we use N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA) to in situ synthesize cross-linking polymer for flexible Sn–Pb mixed PSCs. DMAA can gather at grain boundary as a scaffold to regulate the crystallization of perovskite and reduce defects. The rigid and flexible Sn–Pb mixed PSCs showed efficiencies of 16.44% and 15.44%, respectively. In addition, the flexible Sn–Pb mixed PSCs demonstrated excellent bending durability, which retained over 80% of the original efficiency after 5000 bending cycles at a radius of 5 mm.
Exergy analysis of hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass was reviewed in this study. The effects of the main parameters (biomass characteristics, particle size, gasification ...temperature, steam/biomass ratio, steam flow rate, reaction catalyst, and residence time) on the exergy efficiency were presented and discussed. The results show that the exergy efficiency of hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass is mainly determined by the H2 yield and the chemical exergy of biomass. Increases in gasification temperatures improve the exergy efficiency whereas increases in particle sizes generally decrease the exergy efficiency. Generally, both steam/biomass ratio and steam flow rate initially increases and finally decreases the exergy efficiency. A reaction catalyst may have positive, negative or negligible effect on the exergy efficiency, whereas residence time generally has slight effect on the exergy efficiency.
•Exergy analysis of hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass is reviewed.•Exergy efficiencies as affected by the main parameters are presented.•Biomass characteristics, particle size, and gasification temperature are covered.•S/B, steam flow rate, reaction catalyst, and residence time are also covered.
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