Lightweight magnesium alloys are attractive as structural materials for improving energy efficiency in applications such as weight reduction of transportation vehicles. One major obstacle for ...widespread applications is the limited ductility of magnesium, which has been attributed to Formula: see text dislocations failing to accommodate plastic strain. We demonstrate, using in situ transmission electron microscope mechanical testing, that Formula: see text dislocations of various characters can accommodate considerable plasticity through gliding on pyramidal planes. We found that submicrometer-size magnesium samples exhibit high plasticity that is far greater than for their bulk counterparts. Small crystal size usually brings high stress, which in turn activates more Formula: see text dislocations in magnesium to accommodate plasticity, leading to both high strength and good plasticity.
Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are
important ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors and play important
roles in tropospheric chemistry. In this work, we estimated the total ...and
speciated NMVOC emissions from China's anthropogenic sources during
1990–2017 by using a bottom-up emission inventory framework and
investigated the main drivers behind the trends. We found that anthropogenic
NMVOC emissions in China have been increasing continuously since 1990 due to
the dramatic growth in activity rates and absence of effective control
measures. We estimated that anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China increased
from 9.76 Tg in 1990 to 28.5 Tg in 2017, mainly driven by the persistent
growth from the industry sector and solvent use. Meanwhile, emissions
from the residential and transportation sectors declined after 2005, partly
offsetting the total emission increase. During 1990–2017, mass-based
emissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs)
and other species increased by 274 %, 88 %, 4 %, 387 %, 91 % and
231 %, respectively. Following the growth in total NMVOC emissions, the
corresponding ozone formation potential (OFP) increased from 38.2 Tg of O3
in 1990 to 99.7 Tg of O3 in 2017. We estimated that aromatics accounted
for the largest share (43 %) of the total OFP, followed by alkenes
(37 %) and OVOCs (10 %). Growth in China's NMVOC emissions was mainly
driven by the transportation sector before 2000, while industry and solvent
use dominated the emission growth during 2000–2010. Since 2010, although
emissions from the industry sector and solvent use kept growing, strict
control measures on transportation and fuel transition in residential stoves
have successfully slowed down the increasing trend, especially after the
implementation of China's clean air action since 2013. However, compared to
large emission decreases in other major air pollutants in China (e.g.,
SO2, NOx and primary PM) during 2013–2017, the relatively flat
trend in NMVOC emissions and OFP revealed the absence of effective control
measures, which might have contributed to the increase in ozone during the
same period. Given their high contributions to emissions and OFP, tailored
control measures for solvent use and industrial sources should be developed,
and multi-pollutant control strategies should be designed to mitigate both
PM2.5 and ozone pollution simultaneously.
Magnesium, the lightest structural metal, usually exhibits limited ambient plasticity when compressed along its crystallographic c-axis (the "hard" orientation of magnesium). Here we report large ...plasticity in c-axis compression of submicron magnesium single crystal achieved by a dual-stage deformation. We show that when the plastic flow gradually strain-hardens the magnesium crystal to gigapascal level, at which point dislocation mediated plasticity is nearly exhausted, the sample instantly pancakes without fracture, accompanying a conversion of the initial single crystal into multiple grains that roughly share a common rotation axis. Atomic-scale characterization, crystallographic analyses and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the new grains can form via transformation of pyramidal to basal planes. We categorize this grain formation as "deformation graining". The formation of new grains rejuvenates massive dislocation slip and deformation twinning to enable large plastic strains.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent a distinct family of chemoimmunotherapy agents. ADCs are composed of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to cytotoxic payloads via specialized chemical linkers. ...ADCs therefore combine the immune therapy with targeted chemotherapy. Due to the distinct biomarkers associated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, ADCs have emerged as a promising treatment option for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma. Several ADCs have been approved for clinical applications: brentuximab vedotin, inotuzumab ozogamicin, moxetumomab pasudotox, and polatuzumab vedotin. More novel ADCs are under clinical development. In this article, we summarized the general principles for ADC design, and updated novel ADCs under various stages of clinical trials for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma.
Plant hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Both auxin and cytokinin have been known for a long time to act either synergistically or antagonistically to control several ...significant developmental processes, such as the formation and maintenance of meristem. Over the past few years, exciting progress has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the auxin-cytokinin action and interaction. In this review, we shall briefly discuss the major progress made in auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis, auxin transport, and auxin and cytokinin signaling. The frameworks for the complicated interaction of these two hormones in the control of shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem formation as well as their roles in in vitro organ regeneration are the major focus of this review.
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a novel treatment target for multiple myeloma (MM) due to its highly selective expression in malignant plasma cells (PCs). Multiple BCMA-targeted therapeutics, ...including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE), have achieved remarkable clinical response in patients with relapsed and refractory MM. Belantamab mafodotin-blmf (GSK2857916), a BCMA-targeted ADC, has just been approved for highly refractory MM. In this article, we summarized the molecular and physiological properties of BCMA as well as BCMA-targeted immunotherapeutic agents in different stages of clinical development.
In this paper, we assemble a well-defined sample of early-type gravitational lenses extracted from a large collection of 158 systems, and use the redshift distribution of galactic-scale lenses to ...test the standard cosmological model (
Λ
CDM) and the modified gravity theory (DGP). Two additional sub-samples are also included to account for possible selection effect introduced by the detectability of lens galaxies. Our results show that independent measurement of the matter density parameter (
Ω
m
) could be expected from such strong lensing statistics. Based on future measurements of strong lensing systems from the forthcoming LSST survey, one can expect
Ω
m
to be estimated at the precision of
Δ
Ω
m
∼
0.006
, which provides a better constraint on
Ω
m
than
Planck
2015 results. Moreover, use the lens redshift test is also used to constrain the characteristic velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxies, which is well consistent with that derived from the optical spectroscopic observations. A parameter
f
E
is adopted to quantify the relation between the lensing-based velocity dispersion and the corresponding stellar value. Finally, the accumulation of detectable galactic lenses from future LSST survey would lead to more stringent fits of
Δ
f
E
∼
10
-
3
, which encourages us to test the global properties of early-type galaxies at much higher accuracy.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
) is known to harm public health. In China, after implementation of aggressive emissions control measures under the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention ...and Control (2013–2017), air quality has significantly improved. In this work, we investigated changes in PM
2.5
exposure and the associated health impacts in China for the period 2013–2017. We used an optimal estimator of PM
2.5
combining
in-situ
observations, satellite measurements, and simulations from a chemical transport model to derive the spatial and temporal variations in PM
2.5
exposure, and then used well-developed exposure-response functions to estimate the premature deaths attributable to PM
2.5
exposure. We found that national population-weighed annual mean PM
2.5
concentrations decreased from 67.4 µg m
−3
in 2013 to 45.5 µg m
−3
in 2017 (32% reduction). This rapid decrease in PM
2.5
pollution led to a 14% reduction in premature deaths due to long-term exposure. We estimated that, during 2013–2017, the premature deaths attributable to long-term PM
2.5
exposure decreased from 1.2 million (95% CI: 1.0, 1.3; fraction of total mortality: 13%) in 2013 to 1.0 million (95% CI: 0.9, 1.2; 10%) in 2017. Despite the rapid decrease in annual mean PM
2.5
concentrations, health benefits associated with reduced long-term exposure were limited, because for many cities, the PM
2.5
levels remain at the portion where the exposure-response function is less steeper than that at the low-concentration end. We also found that the deaths associated with acute exposure decreased by 61% during 2013–2017 due to rapid reduction in the number of heavily polluted days. Our results confirm that clean air policies in China have mitigated the air pollution crisis; however, continuous emissions reduction efforts are required to protect citizens from air pollution.
Objectives
Periodontitis is closely associated with kidney disease and reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement. Mitochondria are the primary source of both endogenous ROS and renal energy. We ...investigated whether resveratrol (RSV) prevents renal injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in periodontitis rats.
Methods
Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into control, experimental periodontitis (Ep) and Ep‐RSV groups. To induce periodontitis, a steel ligature was placed on the cervix of the bilateral first maxillary molars. RSV (50 mg/kg/day) to the Ep‐RSV group and vehicle to the Ep and control groups were gavaged. After 8 weeks, alveolar bone loss, pocket depth, gingival blood index and tooth mobility were assessed. Oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial structure, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial ROS, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) were analysed in renal. Renal function and histology were also evaluated.
Results
Compared with the control group, the Ep group showed renal structural destruction, elevated oxidative stress levels, mitochondrial structure destruction, MMP loss, mitochondrial ROS accumulation, ATP reduction, and decreased SIRT1 and PGC‐1α levels. RSV prevented these destruction (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant impairment in renal function (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Periodontitis induces mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tissues. Resveratrol exerts a preventive effect on periodontitis‐induced kidney injury by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.
Coal-fired power plants (CPPs) dominate China's energy supply systems. Over the past two decades, the explosive growth of CPPs has led to negative air quality and health impacts in China, and a ...series of control policies have been implemented to alleviate those impacts. In this work, by combining a CPPs emission database over China (CPED), a regional chemical transport model (WRF-CMAQ), and the integrated exposure-response model, we summarized historical and ongoing emission control policies on CPPs over China, investigated the air quality and health impacts of China's CPPs during 2005-2020, and quantified the benefits of each policy. We found that despite the 97.4% growth of coal-fired power generation during 2005-2015, PM2.5 exposures caused by emissions from China's CPPs decreased from 9.0 g m−3 in 2005 to 3.6 g m−3 in 2015. The active emission control policies have decreased CPPs-induced PM2.5 exposures by 10.0 g m−3 during 2005-2015. We estimated that upgrading end-of-pipe control facilities and early retirement of small and low-efficiency units could respectively reduce PM2.5 exposures by 7.9 and 2.1 g m−3 during 2005-2015 and avoid 111 900 and 31 400 annual premature deaths. Since 2015, China's government has further required all CPPs to comply with the so-called 'ultra-low emission standards' before 2020 as a major component of China's clean air actions. If the policy is fully deployed, CPPs-induced PM2.5 exposures could further decrease by 2.5 g m−3 and avoid 43 500 premature deaths annually. Our study confirms the effectiveness of tailored control policies for China's CPPs and reveals that those policies have played important roles in air quality improvement in China.
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