类指成分的话题化功能及其成因 Liu, Danqing
Shi jie han yu jiao xue,
01/2023
1
Journal Article
With regard to referential requirement on topicalization, the literature has been focusing on definiteness, with little attention to genericity（kind-denoting）. The present paper aims to focus on the ...active role of kind-denoting elements in topicalization and the underlying factors in Chinese. Opposed to individuality, the upper category covering definiteness and indefiniteness, kind reference is close to definiteness, particularly to proper nouns, both belonging to shared long-term given information, though it is a bit different from other kinds of definiteness which usually occur as situational given information. Kind-denoting elements play an active role in topicalization in Chinese. Among four classes and 19 subclasses of topic constructions, definite elements can serve as topic in eight subclasses while generic elements are seen in 17 subclasses. The paper specifies three factors which may trigger topicalization of generic elements: I. Information status: Generic elements as shared given information have
The present paper adopts a cross-linguistic comparative approach to variations of topics against the very test ground of "root-phenomenon"(RP), and finds that while topics in Indo-European languages ...are always restricted to RP, most topics in Chinese are free from it. This diametrical contrast is due to the difference between pragmatic and syntactic natures in deciding the identity of the topics of each side. In Chinese, the major division made between topics is topics with particles and those without. Particle-free topics, being syntactic in nature, are immune to RP. With particles, the grammatical-pragmatic topics trigger RP restriction. Besides, there are also lexical-pragmatic topics that are flagged by lexical topic markers. Canonical subjects in Chinese are not necessarily syntactic topics. Rather, they are unmarked pragmatic topics though displaying no topicality in some cases. Various topics can be transformed into pragmatic topics by adding topic particles. The observations made by this paper substan
: This paper offers a comparative study of the post-verbal number-restricting operator ( to approximately mean ONLY) " de" ( Ш) between Wu and Yue (Cantonese) dialects. In the literature, only the ...Cantonese post-verbal de (Ш/Шк/) is reported to have such function as a right-quantifying focus-sensitive operator. This paper notifies, however, that there is a similar de (í^/t9?/) in Wu dialects, as is attested in the early Shanghainese and the Wujiang dialect, the latter of which constitutes the main concern of this paper. Based on the detailed descriptions of its syntactic and semantic features, the paper unveils commonalities and differences between de and its pre-verbal counterparts zhi ( Д/tsø?/ ) and sheng ( za24/ ) , which can co-occur with either a numeral or a nominal element following the verb, while the post-verbal de must be followed by a numeral element. Then, the paper compares the post-verbal de between Wu and Yue dialects. The Wu de follows monosyllabic or disyllabic verbs, or even a verbresultati
语言单位的义项非独立观 Liu, Danqing
Shi jie han yu jiao xue,
01/2021
2
Journal Article
This paper aims to examine the mutual impact and restriction between sememes at the levels of words and constructions. It questions the traditional view of independence of sememes, which regards ...every sememe as an independent semantic unit and only one sememe of a polysemous element can be realized in a certain context with other sememes suppressed. The paper instead proposes a non-independence view of sememes, claiming that a sememe is not necessarily independent even in context. While the basic or central meaning of an element is usually independent, the extended meanings are often in an on-line unidirectional connection with the central meaning. The listener may receive the central meaning first and then get its extended meanings. Multi-categorical inflection, puns and communicational ambiguity are not involved in non-independence of sememes. An extended sememe often maintains the qualia structure of its basic sememe, following the pattern of syntactic combination and collocation of its basic sememe. Reana
This work presents an approach to create mechanical undulations at a solid organic coating surface under the influence of an electric field. The coating is fabricated through polymerization of chiral ...reactive mesogens aligned in their fingerprint mode on top of interdigitated electrodes. The fingerprint mode gives a corrugation of the surface perpendicular to the helix axes. When a lateral alternating electric field is applied, the order parameter of the helicoidally packed mesogens is reduced. This simultaneously leads to an inversion of the fingerprint heights, an overall thickness increase, and a chaotic and fast surface oscillation. These three effects work in concert stimulating wavy deformation figures at the coating surface. The process is fast and reversible; the dynamics of the topographic textures stop immediately when the electric field is switched off. The continuous generation of surface undulations sustains transport of species at the coating surface. It removes dust and debris providing an active dust control.
A self‐cleaning coating is developed that keeps its surface clean, even in absence of water. A chiral‐nematic polymer coating on interdigitated electrodes is electrically activated. The AC field inverts the characteristic fingerprint surface topography and makes dust and sand particles slide off.
Chiral‐nematic polymer network coatings form a “fingerprint” texture through self‐assembly. For this purpose the molecular helix of the coating is oriented parallel to the substrate. The coating has ...a flat surface but when actuated by light in the presence of a copolymerized azobenzene compound, 3D fingerprint structures appear in the coating. The helix forms protrusions at the positions where the molecules are aligned parallel to the surface and withdraws at the positions where the orientation is perpendicular. This process proceeds rapidly and is reversible, that is, the fingerprint‐shaped protrusions disappear when the light is switched off. The texture in the on‐state resembles that of a human fingerprint and is used to manipulate the gripping friction of a robotic finger. The friction coefficient drops by a factor of four to five when the fingerprint switched on because of reduced surface contacts.
Science friction: Artificial fingerprints are switched between a flat “off” state and a protruding “on” state. The switching principle is based on a modulated change of liquid‐crystal chiral‐nematic order, thus creating geometric changes. When illuminated with UV light, the 3D fingerprints are activated by azobenzene and appear in the coating. The surface friction decreases when the fingerprints form and increases when they are switched off.
Based on the concept of mighty category from Linguistic Inventory Typology, this paper investigates the functional expansions of morphological cases in human languages, focusing on the following ...functions: 1) Noun-related functions close to case meanings, which are normally represented in nominal elements such as referentiality, information status and animacy; 2) Verb-related functions outside of case meanings, which are normally carried in verbal elements such as tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality; 3) Non-categorical functions, which are semantically discrete functions depending on different lexical items. The powerful and diverse expansion ability of mighty categories is demonstrated by the expansion of morphological cases across languages, as in Latin, Japanese, Korean, Finnish, Qiang, Sulong, Primi and northwest Chinese. Trans-categorical expansion of case morphology is often based on the distributional constraints of the markers, resulting in the so-called parasitic categories, and sometimes it ma
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous organic polymers with polygonal porosity and highly ordered structures. The most prominent feature of the COFs is their excellent ...crystallinity and highly ordered modifiable one-dimensional pores. Since the first report of them in 2005, COFs with various structures were successfully synthesized and their applications in a wide range of fields including gas storage, pollution removal, catalysis, and optoelectronics explored. In the meantime, COFs also exhibited good performance in chemical and biological sensing, because their highly ordered modifiable pores allowed the selective adsorption of the analytes, and the interaction between the analytes and the COFs' skeletons may lead to a detectable change in the optical or electrical properties of the COFs. In this review, we firstly demonstrate the basic principles of COFs-based chemical and biological sensing, then briefly summarize the applications of COFs in sensing some substances of practical value, including some gases, ions, organic compounds, and biomolecules. Finally, we discuss the trends and the challenges of COFs-based chemical and biological sensing.
Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI) is highly toxic in groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. As a widely reported material for Cr(VI) remediation, sulfide-modified nZVI (S-nZVI) can ...enhance the nanoparticle selectivity and reaction rate, but has deficiencies of instability and low removal efficiency. In this study, the optimal S-nZVI used for Cr(VI) removal from groundwater was selected, and the mechanism and influence of environmental factors had been discussed. Among the selected sulfur sources including Na2S, Na2S2O3, Na2S2O4, and CaSx, the CaSx-nZVI had the highest removal efficiency. A 1.5-fold removal rate than traditional S-nZVI was observed for CaSx-nZVI during the treatment of a highly chromium-containing groundwater (200 mg/L), because of its significant inhibition on Fe0 oxidation due to the stable shell-core structure. With the sulfur-iron ratio increased from 1/20 to 1/2, the removal efficiency displayed a trend of first increase followed by a decrease. This was ascribed to the enhanced oxidation resistance with the increased ratio of S/Fe since FeSn (n > 2) were generated inside the materials. However, the excessive sulfidation of nZVI likely led to redundant FeS deposition on its surface to reduce the removal efficiency. The reaction process of Cr(VI) removal by CaSx-nZVI was composed with chemical reduction and physical adsorption. Combined with XPS and SEM-EDS analysis, the reaction mechanism was first the Cr(VI) reduction by CaSx-nZVI via a surface-covered layer of FeSn and then the Cr(III) adsorption. Hence, Sn2− was critical to promote the reduction of Fe3+ and the generation of FeS and FeS2. According to the Gibbs free energy results, the reaction occurred spontaneously with increasing temperature. The initial pH affected the removal efficiency by influencing the phase state of chromium. Cations promoted the reactivity to Cr(VI) in solution, while the influence of the anions was quite different. Our research demonstrated that CaSx-nZVI was a promising technique for the in-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater.
•Compared with traditional sulfured materials, CaSx modified nZVI is the most efficient S-nZVI effective for Cr(VI) removal.•CaSx-nZVI coated with FeSn (n > 2) can be used as electron donor to directly reduce Cr(VI).•Sn2− promote the reduction of Fe3+ to produce FeS and FeS2, which is the main difference from the traditional S-nZVI.•CaSx-nZVI can significantly improve the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) in various environments.
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