This review explores the features and corresponding application of ZIF-67 and its derivatives. Thermally and chemically stable zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) materials have received extensive ...research and application interest. In particular, ZIF-67 can be synthesized by a facile and environmentally friendly organic synthesis method. The nanostructures and mean particle sizes of ZIF-67 can be adjusted by controlling experimental conditions carefully. The resulting ZIF-67 possesses the characteristics of a tunable pore aperture, highly stable structure, catalytic activity and so on. Furthermore, by combining the advantages of ZIF-67 and various components or structures, the resulting compounds have a potentially better performance than pure ZIF-67. Therefore, ZIF-67 and its derivatives have aroused great interest of scientists and have the potential to be applied to gas adsorption, molecular separation, electrochemistry, catalysis and so on.
This review explores the features and corresponding application of ZIF-67 and its derivatives.
This review summarizes the latest synthesis methods, characterization and corresponding applications of MOF-74 and its derivatives in recent years. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are nanomaterials ...with many attractive advantages, such as good stability, large specific surface area and large apertures, which make them receive considerable attention. Among them, MOF-74 is a particularly outstanding one attribute to its excellent CO2 adsorption capacity. MOF-74 can be synthesized directly from a metal oxide and without bulk solvent, which not only saves a lot of time and money, but also is more ecological. The mesopores in MOF-74 can be adjusted to as large as 15 nm stably at room temperature. And characterization results show MOF-74 possesses good hydrolysis stability, highly stable structure, gas adsorption capacity, catalytic activity and so on. In addition, multifarious synthetic materials with additional functionality can be obtained by properly combining MOF-74 with other components. Therefore, MOF-74 has great potential and has aroused great enthusiasm for research in many aspects, such as gas adsorption, separation, and catalysis and so on.
The biggest highlight of MOF-74 is its excellent carbon dioxide adsorption properties, especially Mg-MOF-74, which is attractive in realizing CO2 high efficiency and energy saving. The adsorption behavior and mechanism were summarized in detail. In addition, we also introduced the performance of MOF-74 in other gas adsorption, such as H2, O2. New synthetic methods, like directly from a metal oxide, provide more ideas and richer materials for the further research of MOF-74. In addition, the good stability of MOF-74 is of great significance for its wide application. And different kinds of derivatives have great application value in various aspects such as gas adsorption, separation, catalysis, molecular probes, and drug transportation and so on. Display omitted
•New MOF-74 synthesis methods are introduced, which help reduce cost and protect environment.•This review describes the good properties of MOF-74, especially its good stability.•The adsorption behaviors of MOF-74 on various common gases are summarized.•The mechanisms of various reactions of MOF-74 are described.•Many analogues of MOF-74 are introduced, which play an important role in future research.
Isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) are a series of MOFs that own similar network topology. By simple substitution of organic linkers of IRMOF-1 (i.e., MOF-5), other IRMOFs can be obtained ...and have unique features such as large BET surface areas and high chemical stability. IRMOF has been exalted to be an important branch of MOFs because the unique features endow IRMOF with potential applications including adsorption, catalysis, and sensing. Large BET surface areas of IRMOFs make them candidates for adsorbing small gases such as H2, CO2, and CH4. Additionally, IRMOF-3, IRMOF-6, and IRMOF-8 can separate various mixtures. Due to different catalytic active sites and pore sizes, IRMOFs can catalyze a wide range of reactions. For instance, IRMOF-1 is able to catalyze the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction because of its coordination-unsaturated open metal sites. NH2-containing IRMOF-3 acts as a basic catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation. Many keen sensors have been fabricated based on luminescent IRMOF-1 and IRMOF-3. IRMOF-8 with high porosity can be utilized to synthesize electrochemical sensor. This Review mainly introduces the applications of IRMOFs-n (n = 1, 3, 6, 8) and their derivatives in adsorption, catalysis, and sensing. Moreover, different strategies for synthesis and modification of IRMOFs are compared and discussed in this Review. The experiments and proposed mechanisms related to the applications of IRMOFs-n (n = 1, 3, 6, 8) are also summarized to provide an overview of IRMOFs.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention over the past two decades due to their highly promising applications not only in the fields of gas storage, separation, catalysis, drug ...delivery, and sensors, but also in relatively new fields such as electric, magnetic, and optical materials resulting from their extremely high surface areas, open channels and large pore cavities compared with traditional porous materials like carbon and inorganic zeolites. Particularly, MOFs involving pores within the mesoscopic scale possess unique textural properties, leading to a series of research in the design and applications of mesoporous MOFs. Unlike previous Reviews, apart from focusing on recent advances in the synthetic routes, unique characteristics and applications of mesoporous MOFs, this Review also mentions the derivatives, composites, and hierarchical MOF‐based systems that contain mesoporosity, and technical boundaries and challenges brought by the drawbacks of mesoporosity. Moreover, this Review subsequently reveals promising perspectives of how recently discovered approaches to different morphologies of MOFs (not necessarily entirely mesoporous) and their corresponding performances can be extended to minimize the shortcomings of mesoporosity, thus providing a wider and brighter scope of future research into mesoporous MOFs, but not just limited to the finite progress in the target substances alone.
While mesoporous metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based systems possess more potential than simply combing the advantages of MOFs and mesoporosity, this Review systematically focuses on the recent progress of mesoporous MOFs, and composites and hierarchical systems based on mesoporous MOFs or their derivatives. The technical challenges and boundaries of mesoporous MOFs are also discussed.
Viruses cause serious pathogenic contamination that severely affects the environment and human health. Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma efficiently inactivates pathogenic bacteria; however, the ...mechanism of virus inactivation by plasma is not fully understood. In this study, surface plasma in argon mixed with 1% air and plasma-activated water was used to treat water containing bacteriophages. Both agents efficiently inactivated bacteriophages T4, Φ174, and MS2 in a time-dependent manner. Prolonged storage had marginal effects on the antiviral activity of plasma-activated water. DNA and protein analysis revealed that the reactive species generated by plasma damaged both nucleic acids and proteins, consistent with the morphological examination showing that plasma treatment caused the aggregation of bacteriophages. The inactivation of bacteriophages was alleviated by the singlet oxygen scavengers, demonstrating that singlet oxygen played a primary role in this process. Our findings provide a potentially effective disinfecting strategy to combat the environmental viruses using cold atmospheric-pressure plasma and plasma-activated water.
Contamination with pathogenic and infectious viruses severely threatens human health and animal husbandry. Current methods for disinfection have different disadvantages, such as inconvenience and contamination of disinfection by-products (e.g., chlorine disinfection). In this study, atmospheric surface plasma in argon mixed with air and plasma-activated water was found to efficiently inactivate bacteriophages, and plasma-activated water still had strong antiviral activity after prolonged storage. Furthermore, it was shown that bacteriophage inactivation was associated with damage to nucleic acids and proteins by singlet oxygen. An understanding of the biological effects of plasma-based treatment is useful to inform the development of plasma into a novel disinfecting strategy with convenience and no by-product.
Since the discovery of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and zeolite-imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), many of their outstanding properties have been explored such as ...their large specific surface area, significant gas adsorption, and high catalytic activity. Some kinds of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) and their derivatives have shown high photocatalytic or electrocatalytic activity; thus, they may be able to catalyze the degeneration of organic molecules, the production of hydrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide reduction, and so on. This review mainly focuses on the electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic properties of PCPs including MOFs, ZIFs and COFs. Several experiments have been reported in this article to compare their catalyst properties. Moreover, the reasons why they show these differences have been analyzed. These PCPs can be applied for tackling environmental pollution in water, carbon dioxide reduction and the production of hydrogen, which can help solve the energy crisis, the greenhouse effect and facilitate the utilization of solar energy.
Since the discovery of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and zeolite-imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), many of their outstanding properties have been explored such as their large specific surface area, significant gas adsorption, and high catalytic activity.
Highlights
An overview on photophysical properties of conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) including photoconductivity and photoluminescence is provided.
Miscellaneous applications of MOFs with ...photophysical properties are discussed.
Recent advances in integration of photoactive MOFs with practical devices are summarized.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid materials with many promising applications. In recent years, lots of investigations have been oriented toward applications of MOFs in electronic and photoelectronic devices. While many high-quality reviews have focused on synthesis and mechanisms of electrically conductive MOFs, few of them focus on their photophysical properties. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on photoconductive and photoluminescent properties of conductive MOFs together with their corresponding applications in solar cells, luminescent sensing, light emitting, and so forth. For integration of MOFs with practical devices, recent advances in fabrication of photoactive MOF thin films are also summarized.
Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been intensely studied for the past few decades as an enormous family of highly tunable porous materials with promisingly applicable functionalities in ...adsorption, separation, catalysis, sensing, electrochemistry, and a great number of emerging purposes. As a classic MOF, zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) is conventionally one of the very few MOF members that has been commercialized with considerable production. Its large surface areas, well‐controlled porosity and textural tunability, high thermal and chemical stability allows researchers to conduct enormous studies on derivatives of MOFs and MOF‐related composites using ZIF‐8 as the prior sampling substance. However, despite all the remarkable discoveries leading almost all aspects of future applications of MOFs, no specific work has yet been done to recapitulatively summarize these achievements centered around the current limitations and prospects of their common demonstrator, ZIF‐8, for its integration into real processes or applications, thus drastically blinding people from distinctly observing the inner correlations among all these researches. To wipe out this confusion and make the usages of ZIF‐8 both in applicable systems and upfront explorations much more understandable and convenient to all researches of relevant application areas, this review aims at offering clear guidance, experience, and references by meticulously categorizing published works associated with ZIF‐8.
While enormous amount of studies on derivatives of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐related composites have been conducted using zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) as the prior sampling substance, this review aims at offering clear guidance, experience, and references by meticulously categorizing published works associated with ZIF‐8.
Gelatin gels are used as surrogates of human tissues to study their barrier effects on incoming reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by surface air discharge. The penetration depth ...of nitrite into gelatin gel is measured in real time during plasma treatment, and the permeabilities of nitrite, nitrate, O3 and H2O2 through gelatin gel films are quantified by measuring their concentrations in the water underneath such films after plasma treatment. It is found that the penetration speed of nitrite increases linearly with the mass fraction of water in the gelatin gels, and the permeabilities of nitrite and O3 are comparably smaller than that for H2O2 and nitrate due to differences in their chemistry in gelatin gels. These results provide a quantitative basis to estimate the penetration processes of RONS in human tissues, and they also confirm that the composition of RONS is strongly dependent on the tissue depth and the plasma treatment time. A small electric field of up to 20 V cm−1 can greatly reduce the barrier effects of the tissue model regardless of their directions, for which the underlying mechanism is unclear. However, the electric field force on the objective RONS should not be the dominant mechanism.
The transportation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to lesion site through human tissue is crucial for plasma medicine. For this reason, the spatial‐temporal distributions of ROS in model tissues ...irradiated by a He + O2 plasma jet were investigated in this paper. It was found that the ROS formed a ring‐shaped surface pattern on the model tissue, of which the diameter increased with the gas flow rate but remained unchanged with the plasma treatment time. The surface pattern changed significantly with the inclination angle of plasma irradiation, suggesting that the ROS dosage is difficult to precisely control for clinical applications. Moreover, the penetration depth of O3 increased linearly with the plasma treatment time or the water content of the model tissue.
The spatial‐temporal distributions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in model tissues irradiated by a He+O2 plasma jet are obtained as a function of several important parameters. The underlying mechanism of the distribution of ROS in model tissues is investigated with numerical simulation and experiment. Moreover, the relation between the penetration depth of ROS and the water content of model tissues or plasma treatment time is formulated.
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