Summary
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major economically significant pathogen that has adversely affected China's swine industry. Currently, a novel type 2 PRRSV, ...called the NADC30‐like strain, is epidemic in numerous provinces of China, and commercial vaccines provide limited protection for infected animals. The extensive recombination phenomenon among NADC30‐like PRRSVs is identified as a unique molecular characteristic of the virus. However, our understanding of how recombination influences NADC30‐like PRRSVs is largely inadequate. In this study, we analysed the genetic characteristics of a recombinant NADC30‐like PRRSV (SC‐d) and examined its pathogenicity compared with a non‐recombinant NADC30‐like PRRSV (SD‐A19) and a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HuN4). SC‐d has three discontinuous deletions in nsp2, consistent with NADC30 isolated from the United States in 2008. Furthermore, we identified four recombination breakpoints in the SC‐d genome, which separated the SC‐d genome into four regions (regions A, B, C and D). Regions A and C are closely related to the JXA1‐like strain, one of the earliest Chinese HP‐PRRSV strains, and regions B and D are closely related to the NADC30 strain. Moreover, SC‐d inoculated piglets exhibited a persistent fever, moderate weight loss, mild thymus atrophy and obvious microscopic lung lesions. In summary, the recombinant NADC30‐like PRRSV SC‐d strain displayed a higher pathogenicity than the non‐recombinant NADC30‐like PRRSV SD‐A19 strain; however, the pathogenicity of the NADC30‐like PRRSV SC‐d was lower compared with the HP‐PRRSV HuN4 strain in piglets. Our findings demonstrate that recombination is responsible for the enormous genetic diversity and pathogenicity variance of the NADC30‐like PRRSV in China. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing a more reasonable PRRSV control and prevention strategy.
The equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) exhibits outstanding toughness and excellent strength-ductility combination at cryogenic temperatures. However, its strength is relatively low at ...room temperature. In order to strengthen this HEA, microalloying additions of 0.8 at.% Nb and C were made and its properties and microstructure evaluated. It was found that the microalloying resulted in the formation of carbide precipitates and a reduction of the grain size to ∼2.6 μm. As a result, the room-temperature tensile yield strength (732 MPa) of the microalloyed HEA is roughly double that of the base HEA (with a concomitant increase in the ultimate strength) while its ductility is maintained at a relatively high level (elongation to fracture of ∼32%). The strengthening is due to precipitation hardening from the nanoscale carbide particles and grain refinement.
Display omitted
•Nanoscale NbC particles in CrMnFeCoNi were obtained by microalloying with Nb and C.•Yield stress of NbC-added CrMnFeCoNi HEA is roughly double that of the base HEA.•The ductility of NbC-added CrMnFeCoNi HEA is maintained at a high level (∼32%).•Strengthening is due to precipitation hardening and grain refinement.
In this paper, a method is suggested to solve the nonlinear interval number programming problem with uncertain coefficients both in nonlinear objective function and nonlinear constraints. Based on an ...order relation of interval number, the uncertain objective function is transformed into two deterministic objective functions, in which the robustness of design is considered. Through a modified possibility degree, the uncertain inequality and equality constraints are changed to deterministic inequality constraints. The two objective functions are converted into a single-objective problem through the linear combination method, and the deterministic inequality constraints are treated with the penalty function method. The intergeneration projection genetic algorithm is employed to solve the finally obtained deterministic and non-constraint optimization problem. Two numerical examples are investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method.
Realizing quantum speedup for practically relevant, computationally hard problems is a central challenge in quantum information science. Using Rydberg atom arrays with up to 289 qubits in two spatial ...dimensions, we experimentally investigate quantum algorithms for solving the Maximum Independent Set problem. We use a hardware-efficient encoding associated with Rydberg blockade, realize closed-loop optimization to test several variational algorithms, and subsequently apply them to systematically explore a class of graphs with programmable connectivity. We find the problem hardness is controlled by the solution degeneracy and number of local minima, and experimentally benchmark the quantum algorithm's performance against classical simulated annealing. On the hardest graphs, we observe a superlinear quantum speedup in finding exact solutions in the deep circuit regime and analyze its origins.
The smoothed finite element methods (S-FEM) are a family of methods formulated through carefully designed combinations of the standard FEM and some of the techniques from the meshfree methods. ...Studies have proven that S-FEM models behave softer than the FEM counterparts using the same mesh structure, often produce more accurate solutions, higher convergence rates, and much less sensitivity to mesh distortion. They work well with triangular or tetrahedral mesh that can be automatically generated, and hence are ideal for automated computations and adaptive analyses. Some S-FEM models can also produce upper bound solution for force driving problems, which is an excellent unique complementary feature to FEM. Because of these attractive properties, S-FEM has been applied to numerous problems in the disciplines of material mechanics, biomechanics, fracture mechanics, plates and shells, dynamics, acoustics, heat transfer and fluid–structure interactions. This paper reviews the developments and applications of the S-FEM in the past ten years. We hope this review can shed light on further theoretical development of S-FEM and more complex practical applications in future.
This book aims to present meshfree methods in a friendly and straightforward manner, so that beginners can very easily understand, comprehend, program, implement, apply and extend these methods. It ...provides first the fundamentals of numerical analysis that are particularly important to meshfree methods. Typical meshfree methods, such as EFG, RPIM, MLPG, LRPIM, MWS and collocation methods are then introduced systematically detailing the formulation, numerical implementation and programming. Many well-tested computer source codes developed by the authors are attached with useful descriptions. The application of the codes can be readily performed using the examples with input and output files given in table form. These codes consist of most of the basic meshfree techniques, and can be easily extended to other variations of more complex procedures of meshfree methods. Readers can easily practice with the codes provided to effective learn and comprehend the basics of meshfree methods.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a meshfree particle method based on Lagrangian formulation, and has been widely applied to different areas in engineering and science. This paper presents an ...overview on the SPH method and its recent developments, including (1) the need for meshfree particle methods, and advantages of SPH, (2) approximation schemes of the conventional SPH method and numerical techniques for deriving SPH formulations for partial differential equations such as the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations, (3) the role of the smoothing kernel functions and a general approach to construct smoothing kernel functions, (4) kernel and particle consistency for the SPH method, and approaches for restoring particle consistency, (5) several important numerical aspects, and (6) some recent applications of SPH. The paper ends with some concluding remarks.
The current understanding of drinking water distribution system (DWDS) microbiology is limited to pipe wall biofilm and bulk water; the contributions of particle-associated bacteria (from suspended ...solids and loose deposits) have long been neglected. Analyzing the composition and correlation of bacterial communities from different phases helped us to locate where most of the bacteria are and understand the interactions among these phases. In the present study, the bacteria from four critical phases of an unchlorinated DWDS, including bulk water, pipe wall biofilm, suspended solids, and loose deposits, were quantified and identified by adenosine triphosphate analysis and pyrosequencing, respectively. The results showed that the bulk water bacteria (including the contribution of suspended solids) contributed less than 2% of the total bacteria. The bacteria associated with loose deposits and pipe wall biofilm that accumulated in the DWDS accounted for over 98% of the total bacteria, and the contributions of bacteria in loose deposits and pipe wall biofilm were comparable. Depending on the amount of loose deposits, its contribution can be 7-fold higher than the pipe wall biofilm. Pyrosequencing revealed relatively stable bacterial communities in bulk water, pipe wall biofilm, and suspended solids throughout the distribution system; however, the communities present in loose deposits were dependent on the amount of loose deposits locally. Bacteria within the phases of suspended solids, loose deposits, and pipe wall biofilm were similar in phylogenetic composition. The bulk water bacteria (dominated by Polaromonas spp.) were clearly different from the bacteria from the other three phases (dominated by Sphingomonas spp.). This study highlighted that the integral DWDS ecology should include contributions from all of the four phases, especially the bacteria harbored by loose deposits. The accumulation of loose deposits and the aging process create variable microenvironments inside loose deposits structures for bacteria to grow. Moreover, loose deposits protect the associated bacteria from disinfectants, and due to their mobility, the associated bacteria reach taps easily.
The Finite Element Method (FEM) has become an indispensable technology for the modelling and simulation of engineering systems. Written for engineers and students alike, the aim of the book is to ...provide the necessary theories and techniques of the FEM for readers to be able to use a commercial FEM package to solve primarily linear problems in mechanical and civil engineering with the main focus on structural mechanics and heat transfer.Fundamental theories are introduced in a straightforward way, and state-of-the-art techniques for designing and analyzing engineering systems, including microstructural systems are explained in detail. Case studies are used to demonstrate these theories, methods, techniques and practical applications, and numerous diagrams and tables are used throughout.The case studies and examples use the commercial software package ABAQUS, but the techniques explained are equally applicable for readers using other applications including NASTRAN, ANSYS, MARC, etc. * A practical and accessible guide to this complex, yet important subject * Covers modeling techniques that predict how components will operate and tolerate loads, stresses and strains in reality
PDF
