ABSTRACT
The striatum comprises two neurochemical compartments: striosomes and the matrix. Striosomal and matrix compartments receive inputs from limbic system‐related and sensorimotor cortices, ...respectively. Here, we investigate the impact on the corticostriosomal pathway in the valproic acid (VPA)‐induced autism spectrum disorder mouse model. VPA administration during the neurogenesis time windows of striosomes, but not the matrix, resulted in aberrant compartmentation i.e., maternal VPA injections at embryonic day (E)12.75 decreased μ‐opioid receptor–positive striosomes, but increased calbindin‐positive matrix in the rostral striatum. VPAE12.75 treatment also impaired the aggregation of cells pulse labeled with 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine at E12.75 into striosomal cell clusters, which suggests defective segregation of striosomal cells from matrix cells. This possibility was supported by our findings that VPAE12.75 treatment altered the expression of ephrinA5 and EphA4, two molecules that are related to compartmental segregation. In the VPAE12.75 neocortex, Foxp2‐positive neurons were decreased in layer VI, but increased in layer V, which projects to the striosomal compartment. We also investigated VPA effects on the corticostriosomal pathway. VPAE12.75 treatment decreased the putative corticostriosomal synapses of striosomal neurons and induced an aberrant pattern of isolation stress–induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Of interest, risperidone treatments conjointly improved ultrasonic vocalizations and restored the striosomal compartment in VPAE12.75 pups. Collectively, dysfunctional corticostriatal pathways, particularly via the aberrant striosomal compartment, may be involved in autism spectrum disorder pathophysiology.—Kuo, H.‐Y., Liu, F.‐C. Valproic acid induces aberrant development of striatal compartments and corticostriatal pathways in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. FASEB J. 31, 4458–4471 (2017). www.fasebj.org
Here we delineate the ontogeny of the mammalian endoderm by generating 112,217 single-cell transcriptomes, which represent all endoderm populations within the mouse embryo until midgestation. We use ...graph-based approaches to model differentiating cells, which provides a spatio-temporal characterization of developmental trajectories and defines the transcriptional architecture that accompanies the emergence of the first (primitive or extra-embryonic) endodermal population and its sister pluripotent (embryonic) epiblast lineage. We uncover a relationship between descendants of these two lineages, in which epiblast cells differentiate into endoderm at two distinct time points-before and during gastrulation. Trajectories of endoderm cells were mapped as they acquired embryonic versus extra-embryonic fates and as they spatially converged within the nascent gut endoderm, which revealed these cells to be globally similar but retain aspects of their lineage history. We observed the regionalized identity of cells along the anterior-posterior axis of the emergent gut tube, which reflects their embryonic or extra-embryonic origin, and the coordinated patterning of these cells into organ-specific territories.
In the moist tropical lower troposphere, atmospheric refractivity fields are strongly affected by water vapour and have complicated, non‐spherically symmetric structures. Strong horizontal gradients ...of refractivity could make the simulated bending angle by raytracing a multivalued function of the impact parameter, which is called impact multipath for brevity. In this study, we first show such occurrences of impact multipath in the tropical lower troposphere using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Global Forecast System analysis as input to a raytracing operator for COSMIC radio occultations (ROs) in March and April 2017. An up‐to‐600 m lift in altitude for the impact parameter is observed for simulated RO rays in the presence of a strong horizontal gradient of refractivity over 250 km distances from the perigee, rendering the simulation bending angles multivalued functions of impact parameter. A quality‐control procedure is then developed to effectively identify the large variations of parameter along the simulated rays and impact multipath simulations while keeping the simulated rays below and above the multivalued rays. Many more RO data in the boundary layer could be used for data assimilation in numerical weather prediction by not removing the RO data below the impact multipath levels in the moist tropical lower troposphere.
(a) Variations in the impact parameter at the GPS ( blue) and the LEO ( black) satellite positions with respect to the impact parameter at the perigee for the COSMIC RO event that was located at (25.1°S, 37.9°W) and occurred at 1450 UTC 19 March 2017 (RO1). The dashed grey line is the 1:1 line. (b–d) Vertical profiles of (b) bending angle from COSMIC RO retrievals (red), 1D Abel transform (blue), and 2D raytracing simulations (black), (c) differences in the impact parameter between the perigee and the LEO satellite, and (d) negative vertical gradients of refractivity at the perigee; (b–d) are shown as functions of impact height at the LEO satellite (i.e. where the local curvature of the Earth is)
Since the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) was identified in Taiwan 2020.01.21. Several family cluster infections were found later. This study aimed to report family cluster ...infections and observe subsequent development. We collected domestic family cluster infections among COVID‐19 confirmed cases from 21 January 2020 to 16 March 2020. There were three domestic family clusters infections in this period. The first cluster was cases 19 to 23. The infectious source was a Taiwanese passenger from Zhejiang. The second cluster was cases 24 to 26 and the third cluster was cases 27 to 32. The infectious sources of the latter clusters are currently uncertain. All contacts of three clusters have been isolated and no new confirmed cases have been identified to date. Some measures which have reduced the spread of these three clusters included: First, high suspicion of COVID‐19 for unexplained pneumonia is very important for early detection. Second, immediate epidemic investigation is taken especially COVID‐19 is infectious during the incubation period. Third, when the second and third clusters could not find infectious sources, CECC's press conference let the public know immediately the epidemic situation, so that people could raise their awareness and seek medical treatment or quarantine.
The current four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation (DA) algorithm, available in the community Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's DA (WRFDA) system, can run only at the ...same resolution as that of the WRF model forecast, which makes it computationally prohibitive for operational applications at convective scale. The Multi‐Resolution Incremental 4D‐Var (MRI‐4DVar) has been developed in this study in order to speed up WRF 4D‐Var through a three‐stage procedure in each outer loop. One key aspect of WRF MRI‐4DVar is the introduction of the inverse control variable transform within WRFDA that allows the proper resolution change between different outer loops for the control variables projected in the vertical empirical orthogonal function (EOF) space. MRI‐4DVar's computational efficiency and forecast performance are demonstrated by applying it to an afternoon thunderstorm event over northern Taiwan with a 2 km model resolution setting. Comparing to the full‐resolution 4D‐Var experiment, two MRI‐4DVar configurations with a speed‐up of 4.5 and 7.5 times performed similarly well in terms of Fractions Skill Score (FSS) of 6‐hr accumulated rainfall forecasts and hourly variation of total rainfall amount, indicating MRI‐4DVar's potential for operational applications at convective scale.
A Multi‐Resolution Incremental 4D‐Var (MRI‐4DVar) has been developed for the WRF model's data assimilation system to substantially speed up the existing 4D‐Var by introducing an inverse control variable transform within WRFDA in a three‐stage procedure. MRI‐4DVar performed as well as the full‐resolution 4D‐Var for convective‐scale rainfall forecasts for an afternoon thunderstorm event over northern Taiwan.
In the tropical lower troposphere, the radio occultation (RO) bending angle can have complex and sharp structures. In current numerical weather prediction data assimilation, the estimated observation ...uncertainty (or error) of the RO bending angle is typically derived from a fixed‐fraction uncertainty model of the RO bending angle. Therefore, the complex and sharp structures can exist in the observation uncertainty as well. This study investigates a potential analysis bias induced in the assimilation of COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) RO bending angles as a result of these complex and sharp structures in the observation uncertainty in the tropical troposphere. It is demonstrated that the complex structures can create a clear negative bias, up to −0.7%, in the bending angle space in the regional analysis with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF analyses and backgrounds also show a larger bias from the COSMIC RO bending angles.
A COSMIC RO profile that occurred on April 1, 2012. The thin solid line represents the special high‐resolution raw bending angle (denoted as “RAW”), while the dashed and thick solid lines represent the filtered raw bending angle profiles (denoted as “RAWF” and “RAWFF”, respectively).
A panic attack (PA) is an intense form of anxiety accompanied by multiple somatic presentations, leading to frequent emergency department visits and impairing the quality of life. A prediction model ...for PAs could help clinicians and patients monitor, control, and carry out early intervention for recurrent PAs, enabling more personalized treatment for panic disorder (PD).
This study aims to provide a 7-day PA prediction model and determine the relationship between a future PA and various features, including physiological factors, anxiety and depressive factors, and the air quality index (AQI).
We enrolled 59 participants with PD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Participants used smartwatches (Garmin Vívosmart 4) and mobile apps to collect their sleep, heart rate (HR), activity level, anxiety, and depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory BDI, Beck Anxiety Inventory BAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory state anxiety STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait anxiety STAI-T, and Panic Disorder Severity Scale Self-Report) in their real life for a duration of 1 year. We also included AQIs from open data. To analyze these data, our team used 6 machine learning methods: random forests, decision trees, linear discriminant analysis, adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and regularized greedy forests.
For 7-day PA predictions, the random forest produced the best prediction rate. Overall, the accuracy of the test set was 67.4%-81.3% for different machine learning algorithms. The most critical variables in the model were questionnaire and physiological features, such as the BAI, BDI, STAI, MINI, average HR, resting HR, and deep sleep duration.
It is possible to predict PAs using a combination of data from questionnaires and physiological and environmental data.
Purpose Inaction inertia occurs when people are less likely to act on a similar but inferior option after missing a superior opportunity, compared to if they had not missed out. This study aims to ...explore how promotional formats and their sequence affect the inaction inertia effect in online shopping, under the assumption of economic equivalence. Design/methodology/approach The authors performed two online experiments and analyzed the data by analysis of variance. Findings The findings indicate that, under the premise of economic equivalence: Monetary promotions exhibit a higher inaction inertia effect on consumers than nonmonetary promotions. When consumers miss a more favorable promotion and subsequently encounter a relatively less attractive one presented in a different promotional format, the inaction inertia effect is lower than when reencountering the same promotion format. When consumers miss a better monetary promotion and presently encounter a relatively less attractive nonmonetary promotion, the inaction inertia effect is lower than when they miss a superior nonmonetary promotion and currently encounter a relatively less attractive monetary promotion. Originality/value This study reveals the sequence effects of promotional formats, indicating that nonmonetary promotions following monetary ones effectively reduce inaction inertia. A strategically sequenced set of formats enhances consumer recommendations, mitigating inaction inertia. These findings open new research paths, providing insights into the impact of promotional format sequences on the inaction inertia effect. Consequently, this knowledge helps e-retailers in implementing effective promotional strategies and driving online purchases.
Oral cancer is a subtype of head and neck cancer which represents 2.65% of all human malignancies. Most of oral cancer is histopathologically diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC is ...characterized by a high degree of local invasion and a high rate of metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes. How to prevention and treatment of OSCC is important and imperative. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of cantharidin, an active compound isolated from blister beetles, on OSCC in vitro. Results showed that cantharidin significantly decreased cell viability in human tongue squamous carcinoma-derived SAS, CAL-27, and SCC-4 cell lines. The further mechanistic studies were carried out in SAS cells. Cantharidin also significantly increased apoptosis-related signals, including caspase-9, caspase-7 and caspase-3 proteins. Besides, cantharidin decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP) and induced cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) release. Cantharidin also increased Bax, Bid, and Bak protein expressions and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Cantharidin could also increase the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals, including the expressions of phosphorylated eIF-2α and CHOP, but not Grp78 and Grp94. Furthermore, cantharidin reduced pro-caspase-12 protein expression. In signals of mitogen-activated protein kinases, cantharidin increased the phosphorylation of JNK, but not ERK and p38. Transfection of shRNA-JNK to OSCC cells effectively reversed the cantharidin-induced cell apoptotic signals, including the mitochondrial and ER stress-related signaling molecules. Taken together, these findings suggest that cantharidin induces apoptosis in OSCC cells via the JNK-regulated mitochondria and ER stress-related signaling pathways.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective:
To compare the postoperative outcomes of inspiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise, along with standard care, on lung cancer patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery ...(VATS).
Design:
A parallel-group, single-blind randomized clinical trial
Setting:
Thoracic surgery ward and outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital
Subjects:
Overall 63 patients underwent VATS were randomly assigned to a triaging (TG, n = 32) or control group (CG, n = 31). A total of 54 patients (TG, n = 26; CG, n = 28) completed the study.
Intervention:
TG: six-week threshold inspiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise. CG: standard care.
Main measures:
Maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax) lung expansion volume, and 6-min walking test (6MWT) were performed on the day of chest tube removal (baseline), and 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively.
Results:
The TG showed significant improvement in PImax at week 6 (71.6 ± 34.9 vs. 94.3 ± 32.8 cmH2O, P = 0.018), PEmax at week 2 (70.9 ± 24.3 vs. 90.9 ± 28.2 cmH2O, P = 0.015) and week 12 (76.1 ± 20.2 vs. 98.6 ± 35.3 cmH2O, P = 0.012), the lung expansion volume at week 2 (1080 ± 433 vs 1457 ± 624 mL, P = 0.02) and week 12 (1200 ± 387 vs 1885 ± 678 mL, P < 0.001), in addition to the 6MWT at week 2 (332 ± 78 vs 412 ± 74 m, P = 0.002), week 6 (360 ± 70 vs 419 ± 60 m, P = 0.007) and week 12 (360 ± 58 vs 402 ± 65 m, P = 0.036).
Conclusion:
A six weeks of inspiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise had improved respiratory muscle strength and aerobic exercise postoperatively in lung cancer patients after VATS as early as 2 weeks.
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