Adolescence is a developmental epoch characterized by massive neural circuit remodeling; thus, the brain is particularly vulnerable to environmental influences during this period. Excessive high-fat ...diet (HFD) consumption, which is very common among adolescents, has long been recognized as a potent risk factor for multiple mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the influences of HFD consumption in adolescence on emotional health are far from clear. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (CD) or HFD for about 4 weeks from postnatal day (P) 28 to P60, spanning most of the adolescence period, and then subjected to behavioral assessments and histological examinations. HFD mice exhibited elevated levels of depression and anxiety, decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, and excessive microglial activation in the ventral hippocampus. Furthermore, in HFD-fed mice, microglia showed increased DCX+ inclusions, suggesting aberrant microglial engulfment of newborn neurons in HFD-fed adolescents. To our knowledge, this is the first observation suggesting that the negative effects of HFD consumption in adolescence on emotion and neuroplasticity may be attributed at least in part to aberrant microglial engulfment of nascent neurons, extending our understanding of the mechanism underlying HFD-related affective disorders in young people.
In this paper we describe Macrobiotus hupingensis, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus pallarii complex from southern China. We used the traditional morphology-based taxonomic analysis, ...supported by detailed morphometrics, light microscopy imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of four genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COI and ITS-2). Macrobiotus hupingensis sp. nov. is characterized by eggs with large, conical processes, each surrounded by six (only sometimes five) hexagonal areolae. Based on the morphological characters of the animals (two macroplacoids, one microplacoid, porous curicle, Y-shaped claws) as well as genetic data, we demonstrate the new species to be a member of the M. pallarii complex. However, it differs specifically from M. pallarii, M. pseudopallarii, and M. ripperi mainly by the absence of sparse granulation between legs III and IV. It also differs from M. margoae mostly by the presence of meshes within the entire egg process wall. Finally, the new species can be easily distinguished from M. caymanensis by the presence of granulation visible in light microscopy in all legs.
Recent studies on animal models have shown that noise exposure that does not lead to permanent threshold shift (PTS) can cause considerable damage around the synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) ...and type-I afferent auditory nerve fibers (ANFs). Disruption of these synapses not only disables the innervated ANFs but also results in the slow degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons if the synapses are not reestablished. Such a loss of ANFs should result in signal coding deficits, which are exacerbated by the bias of the damage toward synapses connecting low-spontaneous-rate (SR) ANFs, which are known to be vital for signal coding in noisy background. As there is no PTS, these functional deficits cannot be detected using routine audiological evaluations and may be unknown to subjects who have them. Such functional deficits in hearing without changes in sensitivity are generally called “noise-induced hidden hearing loss (NIHHL).” Here, we provide a brief review to address several critical issues related to NIHHL: (1) the mechanism of noise induced synaptic damage, (2) reversibility of the synaptic damage, (3) the functional deficits as the nature of NIHHL in animal studies, (4) evidence of NIHHL in human subjects, and (5) peripheral and central contribution of NIHHL.
A newly developed acylhydrazone derivative (compound
1
) displayed solvatochromic fluorescence effect with dominant fluorescence from its keto form in most solvents, fluorescence from its phenolic ...anion in DMF, and concentration-dependent emission intensities for both enol and keto forms in toluene. The aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties of
1
were observed in THF − H
2
O and DMF − H
2
O. Red fluorescence in the root cells of
paulownia
sprouts was observed for application of
1
as a fluorescence marker. Notably, strong fluorescence centered at 602 nm with a large stokes shift (232 nm) and an absolute quantum yield of 22% for
1
was obtained in crystals.
X
-ray analysis indicates that the fluorescence of crystal
1
is caused by intramolecular hydrogen bonding-induced limitation in
C
=
N
isomerization and weak intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, compound
1
exhibited good colorimetric/ratiometric sensing properties for quantitative detection of acetate and dihydrogen phosphate anions with detection limits of 250 nM and 170 nM, respectively, and blue-shifted amplified fluorescence response with detection limits of 45 nM and 62 nM, respectively. Based on
1
H NMR analyses, intermolecular hydrogen bonding/deprotonation interactions of
1
with these anions and inhibiting ESIPT process were proposed for anions sensing.
Heterogeneous phase composite (HPC) flooding technology that is based on branched-preformed particle gel (B-PPG) is an important technology for enhancing oil recovery in high water-cut reservoirs. In ...this paper, we conducted a series of visualization experiments under the condition of developed high-permeability channels after polymer flooding, with respect to well pattern densification and adjustment, and HPC flooding and its synergistic regulation. The experiments show that for polymer-flooded reservoirs, HPC flooding can significantly reduce the water cut and increase oil recovery, but that the injected HPC system mainly advances along the high-permeability channel with limited sweep expansion. Furthermore, well pattern densification and adjustment can divert the original mainstream direction, which has a positive effect on HPC flooding, and can effectively expand the sweeping range under the synergistic effect of residual polymers. Due to the synergistic effect of multiple chemical agents in the HPC system, after well pattern densification and adjustment, the production time for HPC flooding with the water cut lower than 95% was significantly prolonged. In addition, conversion schemes, in which the original production well is converted into the injection well, are better than non-conversion schemes in terms of expanding sweep efficiency and enhancing oil recovery. Therefore, for well groups with obvious high-water-consuming channels after polymer flooding, the implementation of HPC flooding can be combined with well pattern conversion and intensification in order to further improve oil displacement.
While nitrogen (N
2
) fixation is an important process in nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycling, supplying a significant portion of the N in natural ecosystems, few quantitative constraints exist ...concerning its contribution to the N enrichment and export from river ecosystems. This study estimates the N
2
fixation rates of urban rivers in the Yangtze Estuary area using acetylene reduction. The results demonstrate that the prominent spatiotemporal variability of river N
2
fixation rates is driven by various environmental factors. River N
2
fixation rates are significantly higher in the summer (90.57 ± 14.60 ngN·L
−1
·h
−1
) than in the winter (57.98 ± 15.73 ngN·L
−1
·h
−1
). Spatially, rivers draining urban and suburban areas have higher N
2
fixation rates than those draining rural areas. The N
2
fixation rates are positively correlated with the N
2
fixing cyanobacteria density, water temperature, light, and the water phosphorus (P) concentration, but they are negatively correlated with the dissolved N concentration (NH
4
+
-N and NO
3
−
-N). The N
2
fixation rates annually range from 53.20 to 89.24 ngN·L
−1
·h
−1
for all of the sampling rivers, which is equivalent to a depth integrated (0–0.6 m) N input of 0.163–0.274 gN·m
−2
·a
−1
. The determined annual N input via N
2
fixation is generally higher than that of marine systems, but it is lower than that of eutrophic lakes. This study provides robust evidence that N
2
fixation can supply a substantial portion of the N input to human-impacted river ecosystems, which has not been sufficiently accounted for when determining the N mass balance of riverine ecosystems. A high N
2
fixation rate may increase the ratio of N to P input to river systems, and therefore render P the limiting factor in aquatic eutrophication.
As a widely used carbamate pesticide, carbaryl not only had neurotoxicity by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, but also had environmental hormone effects, so it is important to ...establish a convenient and sensitive method for the detection of carbaryl. An original photoresponsive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIP-MGCE) was fabricated from glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the substrate, 5-(4-(methacryloyloxy)phenyl)diazenylisophthalic acid (MAPDIA) as the functional monomer and carbaryl as the template, where a layer of molecular imprinting film was constructed and overattached on the surface of GCE modified by carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotube-chitosan (MWCNT-CT) composite with the large specific surface area and good conductivity. The constructed sensors were characterized by FT-IR and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The ratio of template molecule to monomer, elution time, and incubation time were optimized to be 1:4, 2 min and 6 min, respectively. By the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method, the experimental amperometric curve of MIP-MGCE had favorable linear relationship. The linear equation was Δ
I
= 190.2933C + 1.9824 with
R
2
= 0.9865 when in the carbaryl concentration range of 0.0035–0.1100 μmol L
−1
, and the linear equation became Δ
I
= 2.8940C + 25.4230 with
R
2
= 0.9917 when in the range of 0.1100–13.9600 μmol L
−1
. The detection limit of the above method was 0.0011 μmol L
−1
(
S
/
N
= 3). The prepared sensor was also applied to the detection of carbaryl in tap water samples, and the results showed it had not only a better recovery rate of 97.00% with 3.43% of RSD but also excellent selectivity and repeatability.
Graphical abstract
Noise-exposure at levels low enough to avoid a permanent threshold shift has been found to cause a massive, delayed degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in mouse cochleae. Damage to the ...afferent innervation was initiated by a loss of synaptic ribbons, which is largely irreversible in mice. A similar delayed loss of SGNs has been found in guinea pig cochleae, but at a reduced level, suggesting a cross-species difference in SGN sensitivity to noise. Ribbon synapse damage occurs "silently" in that it does not affect hearing thresholds as conventionally measured, and the functional consequence of this damage is not clear. In the present study, we further explored the effect of noise on cochlear afferent innervation in guinea pigs by focusing on the dynamic changes in ribbon counts over time, and resultant changes in temporal processing. It was found that (1) contrary to reports in mice, the initial loss of ribbons largely recovered within a month after the noise exposure, although a significant amount of residual damage existed; (2) while the response threshold fully recovered in a month, the temporal processing continued to be deteriorated during this period.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles containing proteins, lipids, and miRNAs secreted by various cells, which play ...important roles in the development of lung cancer by regulating a wide range of signaling pathways. This study focused on elucidating a potential mechanism by which EVs promote the development of NSCLC.
Expression levels of miR-744, SUV39H1, Smad9, and BMP4 in clinical tissue samples of NSCLC patients and cell lines were quantified by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. The interaction between SUV39H1 and miR-744 was identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. miR-744, SUV39H1, and BMP4 expression levels were modulated in A549 and H460 cells, in order to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle. A NSCLC xenograft mouse model was used to verify the in vitro findings. NSCLC cell-derived EVs and normal bronchial epithelial cell-derived EVs were isolated and their roles in NSCLC development were evaluated in vivo and in vitro.
miR-744 expression was lower in cancer cell-derived derived EVs than in normal lung epithelial cell-derived EVs. Reduced miR-744 expression in EVs upregulated SUV39H1 in NSCLC cells and further increased BMP4 levels to promote NSCLC development. BMP4 was upregulated in NSCLC cells upon suppression of Smad9 mediated by SUV39H1. Reduced miR-744 expression transferred from cancer cell-derived EVs into NSCLC cells enhanced cancer development.
Overall, our findings unveiled a mechanism whereby miR-744 delivered by NSCLC-derived EVs upregulated SUV39H1, activating the Smad9/BMP9 axis and thus promoted cancer development.
In this paper, an effective numerical method for solving the variable-order(VO) fractional reaction diffusion equation with the Caputo fractional derivative is constructed and analyzed. Based on the ...generalized alternating numerical flux, we get a fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin scheme for the problem. From a practical standpoint, the generalized alternating numerical flux, which is distinct from the purely alternating numerical flux, has a more extensive scope. For $ 0 < \alpha(t) < 1 $, we prove that the method is unconditionally stable and the errors attain $ (k+1) $-th order of accuracy for piecewise $ P^k $ polynomials. Finally, some numerical experiments are performed to show the effectiveness and verify the accuracy of the method.
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