We investigate both the chiral and deconfinement phase transitions of QCD matter in a refined scheme of Dyson-Schwinger equations, which have been shown to be successful in giving the meson mass ...spectrum and matching the interaction with the results from ab initio computation. We verify the equivalence of the chiral susceptibility criterion with different definitions for the susceptibility and confirm that the chiral susceptibility criterion is efficient to fix not only the chiral phase boundary but also the critical end point (CEP), especially when one could not have the effective thermodynamical potential. We propose a generalized Schwinger function criterion for the confinement. We give the phase diagram of both phase transitions and show that in the refined scheme the position of the CEP shifts to lower chemical potential and higher temperature. Based on our calculation and previous results of the chemical freeze-out conditions, we propose that the CEP is located in the states of the matter generated by the Au–Au collisions with sNN=9–15 GeV.
With the chiral susceptibility criterion, we obtain the phase diagram of strong-interaction matter in terms of temperature and chemical potential in the framework of Dyson-Schwinger equations of QCD. ...After calculating the pressure and some other thermodynamic properties of the matter in the Dyson-Schwinger method, we get the phase diagram in terms of temperature and baryon number density. We also obtain the interface tension and the interface entropy density to describe the inhomogeneity of the two phases in the coexistence region of the first-order phase transition. After including the interface effect, we find that the total entropy density of the system increases in both the deconfinement (dynamical chiral symmetry restoration) and the hadronization (dynamical chiral symmetry breaking) processes of the first-order phase transitions and thus solve the entropy puzzle in the hadronization process.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as potential candidates for stationary energy storage because of the low cost and wide availability of Na sources. O3‐type layered oxides have been ...considered as one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, they commonly show inevitable complicated phase transitions and sluggish kinetics, incurring rapid capacity decline and poor rate capability. Here, a series of sodium‐sufficient O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5‐
x
Ti
x
O2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) cathodes for SIBs is reported and the mechanisms behind their excellent electrochemical performance are studied in comparison to those of their respective end‐members. The combined analysis of in situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy for NaNi0.5Mn0.2Ti0.3O2 reveals that the O3‐type phase transforms reversibly into a P3‐type phase upon Na+ deintercalation/intercalation. The substitution of Ti for Mn enlarges interslab distance and could restrain the unfavorable and irreversible multiphase transformation in the high voltage regions that is usually observed in O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2, resulting in improved Na cell performance. This integration of macroscale and atomicscale engineering strategy might open up the modulation of the chemical and physical properties in layered oxides and grasp new insight into the optimal design of high‐performance cathode materials for SIBs.
Here, a structure optimization of NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 through a partial Ti substitution strategy is designed, yielding a series of sodium‐sufficient O3‐NaNi0.5Mn0.5‐xTixO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries for the first time. The substitution of Ti for Mn could suppress irreversible multiphase transformation in the high voltage regions that is usually observed in O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and retain a highly reversible O3−P3 phase transition, resulting in improved Na cell performance.
We study the phase structure and phase transition of cold dense QCD matter via the Dyson–Schwinger equation approach. We take the rainbow approximation and the Gaussian-type gluon model. In order to ...guarantee that the quark number density begins to appear at the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition chemical potential, we propose a chemical potential dependent modification factor for the gluon model. We find that for the iso-symmetric quark matter, the modification reduces the chemical potential of the phase coexistence region of the first-order phase transition. We also implement the relativistic mean field theory to describe the hadron matter, and make use of the Maxwell and Gibbs construction method to study the phase transition of
β
-equilibrium and charge neutral matter in compact stars. The results show that the phase transition will not happen in case of the Gaussian-type gluon model without any modification. The results also indicate that the upper boundary of the coexistence region should be larger than the current Nambu solution existing region. We also calculate the mass-radius relation of the compact stars, and find that the hadron-quark phase transition happens at too high chemical potential so that the maximum mass of the compact star is hardly affected by the hadron-quark phase transition.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A continuum approach to the kaon and pion bound-state problems is used to reveal their electromagnetic structure. For both systems, when used with parton distribution amplitudes appropriate to the ...scale of the experiment, Standard Model hard-scattering formulas are accurate to within 25% at momentum transfers Q2≈8 GeV2. There are measurable differences between the distribution of strange and normal matter within the kaons, e.g. the ratio of their separate contributions reaches a peak value of 1.5 at Q2≈6 GeV2. Its subsequent Q2 evolution is accurately described by the hard scattering formulas. Projections for the ratio of kaon and pion form factors at timelike momenta beyond the resonance region are also presented. These results and projections should prove useful in planning next-generation experiments.
Nowadays, carbon nanomaterials are considered as the most important supercapacitor electrode materials. But it's still a great challenge to design rational structures of carbon materials at both nano ...and micro scales to endow carbon electrode materials with outstanding electrochemical performance. Herein, a well-designed compressible and elastic N-doped porous carbon nanofiber aerogel (N-PCNFA) with hierarchical cellular structures in both the PAN/ZIF-8-based carbon nanofibers and the 3D carbon monolith was prepared by a simple method. A large specific surface area was obtained for the construction of abundant pore structures and a robust architecture was built by the introduction of mechanically reinforced structures, which would endow the N-PCNFA electrode material with a vast surface area for ion adsorption/desorption, plenty of short channels for electrolyte diffusion and stable frameworks during the charge/discharge process. N heteroatoms were also incorporated into the carbon material as active sites for faradaic redox reactions. Thus, the N-PCNFA electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacitance of 279 F g
−1
at 0.5 A g
−1
, consisting of pseudocapacitance (∼46%) and electrochemical double-layer capacitance (∼54%), remarkable rate performance of 59% at 20 A g
−1
and excellent long-term durability. Moreover, the simple and general strategy for construction of compressible and elastic porous carbon nanofiber aerogels with delicate microstructures is also applicable to other advanced functional materials for a wide range of applications.
Compressible and elastic N-doped porous carbon nanofiber aerogels are designed and used as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes.
The leading-twist parton distribution amplitudes (PDAs) of ground-state S01 and S13cc¯- and bb¯-quarkonia are calculated using a symmetry-preserving continuum treatment of the meson bound-state ...problem which unifies the properties of these heavy-quark systems with those of light-quark bound-states, including QCD's Goldstone modes. Analysing the evolution of S01 and S13 PDAs with current-quark mass, mˆq, increasing away from the chiral limit, it is found that in all cases there is a value of mˆq for which the PDA matches the asymptotic form appropriate to QCD's conformal limit and hence is insensitive to changes in renormalisation scale, ζ. This mass lies just above that associated with the s-quark. At current-quark masses associated with heavy-quarkonia, on the other hand, the PDAs are piecewise convex–concave–convex. They are much narrower than the asymptotic distribution on a large domain of ζ; but nonetheless deviate noticeably from φQQ¯(x)=δ(x−1/2), which is the result in the static-quark limit. There are also material differences between S01 and S13 PDAs, and between the PDAs for different vector-meson polarisations, which vanish slowly with increasing ζ. An analysis of moments of the root-mean-square relative-velocity, 〈v2m〉, in S01 and S13 systems reveals that 〈v4〉-contributions may be needed in order to obtain a reliable estimate of matrix elements using such an expansion, especially for processes involving heavy pseudoscalar quarkonia.
Severe winter haze events in Beijing and North China Plain are characterized by rapid production of sulfate aerosols with unresolved mechanisms. Oxidation of SO2 by O2 in the absence of metal ...catalysts (uncatalyzed autoxidation) represents the most ubiquitous SO2 conversion pathway in the atmosphere. However, this reaction has long been regarded as too slow to be atmospherically meaningful. This traditional view was based on the kinetic studies conducted in bulk dilute solutions that mimic cloudwater but deviate from urban aerosols. Here, we directly measure the sulfate formation rate via uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation in single (NH4)2SO4 microdroplets, by using an aerosol optical tweezer coupled with a cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique. We find that the aqueous reaction of uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation is accelerated by two orders of magnitude at the high ionic strength (∼36 molal) conditions in the supersaturated aerosol water. Furthermore, at acidic conditions (pH 3.5–4.5), uncatalyzed autoxidation predominately occurs on droplet surface, with a reaction rate unconstrained by SO2 solubility. With these rate enhancements, we estimate that the uncatalyzed SO2 autoxidation in aerosols can produce sulfate at a rate up to 0.20 μg m–3 hr–1, under the winter air pollution condition in Beijing.
4496Ru+4496Ru and 4096Zr+4096Zr collisions at sNN=200 GeV provide unique opportunities to study the geometry and fluctuations raised from the deformation of the colliding nuclei. Using iEBE-VISHNU ...hybrid model, we predict ac2{3} ratios between these two collision systems and demonstrate that the ratios of ac2{3}, as well as the ratios of the involving flow harmonics and event-plane correlations, are sensitive to quadrupole and octupole deformations, which could provide strong constrains on the shape differences between 96Ru and 96Zr. We also study the nonlinear response coefficients χ4,22, which show insensitivity to the deformation effect.
To integrate treatments of photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemotherapy, this study reports on a multifunctional nanocomposite based on mesoporous silica‐coated gold nanorod for ...high‐performance oncotherapy. Gold nanorod core is used as the hyperthermal agent and mesoporous silica shell is used as the reservoir of photosensitizer (Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid, AlPcS4). The mesoporous silica shell is modified with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) gatekeeper via redox‐cleavable Pt(IV) complex for controlled drug release. Furthermore, tumor targeting ligand (lactobionic acid, LA) and long‐circulating poly(ethylene glycol) chain are introduced via host–guest interaction. It is found that the nanocomposite can specifically target to hepatoma cells by virtue of the LA targeting moiety. Due to the abundant existence of reducing agents within tumor cells, β‐CD can be removed by reducing the Pt(IV) complex to active cisplatin drug for chemotherapy, along with the releasing of entrapped AlPcS4 for effective PDT. As confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, the nanocomposite exhibits an obvious near‐infrared induced thermal effect, which significantly improves the PDT and chemotherapy efficiency, resulting in a superadditive therapeutic effect. This collaborative strategy paves the way toward high‐performance nanotherapeutics with a superior antitumor efficacy and much reduced side effects.
Collaborative tumor‐targeted therapy: A highly integrated nanocomposite is constructed based on mesoporous silica‐coated gold nanorods for tumor‐targeted therapy by virtue of the GNR‐mediated PTT, PS‐mediated PDT, and platinum‐based chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo results confirm that this multifunctional nanocomposite can serve as an ideal platform for tri‐model high‐performance tumor therapy.
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