Since the industrial revolution, it has been assumed that fossil-fuel combustions dominate increasing nitrogen oxide (NO
) emissions. However, it remains uncertain to the actual contribution of the ...non-fossil fuel NO
to total NO
emissions. Natural N isotopes of NO
in precipitation (δ
N
) have been widely employed for tracing atmospheric NO
sources. Here, we compiled global δ
N
observations to evaluate the relative importance of fossil and non-fossil fuel NO
emissions. We found that regional differences in human activities directly influenced spatial-temporal patterns of δ
N
variations. Further, isotope mass-balance and bottom-up calculations suggest that the non-fossil fuel NO
accounts for 55 ± 7% of total NO
emissions, reaching up to 21.6 ± 16.6Mt yr
in East Asia, 7.4 ± 5.5Mt yr
in Europe, and 21.8 ± 18.5Mt yr
in North America, respectively. These results reveal the importance of non-fossil fuel NO
emissions and provide direct evidence for making strategies on mitigating atmospheric NO
pollution.
Two dimensional nanoarchitectures are of great interest in lithium storage for energy‐storage devices, in particular lithium‐ion batteries, due to its shortened paths for fast lithium ion diffusion ...and large exposed surface offering more lithium‐insertion channels. Their competitive lithium‐storage features provide huge potentials to develop next‐generation high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries. This review is devoted to the recent progress in the fabrication of innovative 2D structures with various synthetic strategies and their applications for lithium storage in lithium‐ion batteries. These 2D architectures are categorized into six styles, i.e., nanoporous nanosheets, ultrathin nanosheets, flower‐like structures assembled by nanosheets, sandwich‐like nanosheets, corrugated nanosheets, and nanosheets with specific facets. Based on the lithium‐storage manner, we further summerized their electrochemical performance for lithium storage with four classified themes including surface Li storage, zero or low‐strain Li storage, volume‐variation Li storage and synergic‐effect Li storage. Finally, the outlook and perspective on 2D lithium‐storage materials is concisely provided.
Inspired by nature, this review is devoted to the recent progress in the fabrication of novel 2D structures and their lithium‐storage performance. We herein present a comprehensive overview of six kinds of novel 2D nanostructures in view of their structures obtained with various synthetic strategies. Moreover, the lithium‐storage capabilities of 2D architectures are categorized by four themes based on the Li‐insertion method.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is known to carry heavy mutation load. Besides smoking, cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B plays a key role in the mutation process of NSCLC. APOBEC3B is also reported to ...be upregulated and predicts bad prognosis in NSCLC. However, targeting APOBEC3B high NSCLC is still a big challenge. Here we show that APOBEC3B upregulation is significantly associated with immune gene expression, and APOBEC3B expression positively correlates with known immunotherapy response biomarkers, including: PD-L1 expression and T-cell infiltration in NSCLC. Importantly, APOBEC mutational signature is specifically enriched in NSCLC patients with durable clinical benefit after immunotherapy and APOBEC mutation count can be better than total mutation in predicting immunotherapy response. In together, this work provides evidence that APOBEC3B upregulation and APOBEC mutation count can be used as novel predictive markers in guiding NSCLC checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
Atmospheric ammonia (NH
) and ammonium (NH
) can substantially influence air quality, ecosystems, and climate. NH
volatilization from fertilizers and wastes (v-NH
) has long been assumed to be the ...primary NH
source, but the contribution of combustion-related NH
(c-NH
, mainly fossil fuels and biomass burning) remains unconstrained. Here, we collated nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric NH
and NH
and established a robust method to differentiate v-NH
and c-NH
. We found that the relative contribution of the c-NH
in the total NH
emissions reached up to 40 ± 21% (6.6 ± 3.4 Tg N yr
), 49 ± 16% (2.8 ± 0.9 Tg N yr
), and 44 ± 19% (2.8 ± 1.3 Tg N yr
) in East Asia, North America, and Europe, respectively, though its fractions and amounts in these regions generally decreased over the past decades. Given its importance, c-NH
emission should be considered in making emission inventories, dispersion modeling, mitigation strategies, budgeting deposition fluxes, and evaluating the ecological effects of atmospheric NH
loading.
Dietary inflammatory index (DII) is utilized to determine the inflammatory effects of nutrients and foods on various diseases. Inflammation is a potential risk factor for anemia. We hypothesize that ...pro-inflammatory diets boost the incidence of anemia, as indicated by high DII.
41, 360 Americans were included in this study from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) from 2003-2018. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between DII and anemia.
After adjustment for all the covariates, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) between the risk of anemia and DII across tertile 3 were 1.2556 (95% CI 1.0621, 1.4843;
= 0.0077), and the trend test was statistically significant (
for trend = 0.009). Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis stratified by gender. The ORs (95% CI) between the risk of anemia and DII across tertile 2 and 3 were 1.8071 (95% CI 1.1754, 2.7783;
= 0.0070) and 2.1591 (95% CI 1.4009, 3.3278;
= 0.0005) in men after multivariable adjustment. However, in women, this association was only significantly different (
< 0.05) across tertile 3 in the crude model. In the subgroup analysis stratified by race, this association was significant (
< 0.05) between the risk of anemia and DII for Non-Hispanic Whites/Blacks after adjustment.
Together, anemia was significantly associated with DII using logistic regression. In stratified analyses, higher DII scores were linked to an increased incidence of anemia in men, while no association was found in women after adjustment. Additionally, anemia may be associated with greater pro-inflammatory diets in Non-Hispanic Whites/Blacks.
In the present study, we evaluate the potential relationship between DII and anemia using data from NHANES. This cross-sectional study confirmed the hypothesis that the higher DII was significantly associated with a higher risk of anemia in the U.S. population.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), is transforming the treatment of cancer. However, only a fraction of patients show response to ICI, and there is an unmet need for ...biomarkers that will identify patients more likely to respond to ICI. Here we report that the ICI response prediction biomarker tumor mutational burden (TMB) shows significant sex differences. TMB's predictive power is significantly better for female than for male lung cancer patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) was reported to evaluate the predictive power of TMB in lung cancer ICI response. Hazard ratios (HR) of TMB‐high vs. TMB‐low patients were compared between male and female patients. Both AUC and HR differences between female and male are significant in all available independent lung cancer datasets. However, the AUC of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression does not show a difference between female and male, suggesting TMB, but not PD‐L1 expression has a better predictive power for female than for male lung cancer patients. Our study suggests significant sex differences in the performance of TMB in ICI response prediction. Future development of ICI biomarker should consider sex differences and special efforts should be paid to improve the performance of ICI predictive biomarkers for male lung cancer patients.
What's new?
Only a fraction of cancer patients show response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), and there remains an unmet need for biomarkers to select patients most likely to benefit. Inherent sex differences in immune response could potentially influence the performance of predictive biomarkers. Here, the authors report that the emerging biomarker tumor mutational burden (TMB) shows significant sex differences, with TMB's predictive power being significantly better for female than for male lung cancer patients. Future development of predictive biomarkers for ICI response should consider sex differences, and the performance of biomarkers for male lung cancer patients should also be improved.
Purely organic room-temperature phosphorescence has attracted attention for bioimaging but can be quenched in aqueous systems. Here we report a water-soluble ultralong organic room-temperature ...phosphorescent supramolecular polymer by combining cucurbitnuril (CB7, CB8) and hyaluronic acid (HA) as a tumor-targeting ligand conjugated to a 4-(4-bromophenyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide (BrBP) phosphor. The result shows that CB7 mediated pseudorotaxane polymer CB7/HA-BrBP changes from small spherical aggregates to a linear array, whereas complexation with CB8 results in biaxial pseudorotaxane polymer CB8/HA-BrBP which transforms to relatively large aggregates. Owing to the more stable 1:2 inclusion complex between CB8 and BrBP and the multiple hydrogen bonds, this supramolecular polymer has ultralong purely organic RTP lifetime in water up to 4.33 ms with a quantum yield of 7.58%. Benefiting from the targeting property of HA, this supramolecular polymer is successfully applied for cancer cell targeted phosphorescence imaging of mitochondria.
Urban configuration can influence the local thermal environment by altering energy balances. However, previous studies have found that either sprawling urban or compact urban development could ...intensify urban heat island (UHI) intensity. How urban configurations can mitigate the UHI intensity has drawn full attention. In this study, we quantified the diurnal and seasonal UHI intensities in 36 cities in China and investigated their response to urban configurations. In each city, urban land cover maps were classified from Landsat 8 and UHIs were quantified using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST). Results show that the average UHI intensities of 36 cities vary temporally with a sequence of summer day > summer night > winter night > winter day. Moreover, whether the daytime UHI is higher or lower than the nighttime UHI significantly depends on climatic zones and seasons. Besides, we found that UHIs significantly correlate with urban configurations in two ways. First, for the spatial structure among built-up patches, a lower UHI located in the smaller built-up area with dispersed distribution when compared to the larger built-up patches, if the total built-up area holds constant. Second, for the spatial structure of a single patch, the single patch with more complex shape would mitigate the UHI intensities. Overall, urban configuration and other control variables (e.g., urban characteristics and climatic condition) can explain 41% and 51% of the variance in UHI in summer day and night, respectively. Therefore, the design of urban configuration can serve as an essential practice to mitigate UHI intensity. Considering the difficulties of altering the urban configuration in the urbanized area, planting vegetation might be a great choice to change the urban contiguity and shape complexity with providing an extra cooling effect.
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•We examined the effect of urban configuration on urban heat island intensities in 36 China mega-cities.•The relative relationship between daytime UHI and nighttime UHI depends on climatic zones and seasons.•UHI variations were significantly influenced by the division and shape complexity of the built-up area.•This study provides essential implication and perspectives of heat mitigation.
Sex differences in innate and adaptive immune responses are known, and women generally mount a stronger immune response than men. Cancer immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors ...(ICIs), has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, and sex differences in cancer immunotherapy are just starting to be revealed. Here, we summarize recent research progress concerning sex differences in cancer immunotherapy efficacy. On their own, ICIs tend to be more effective in male cancer patients compared with female patients, while ICIs combined with chemotherapy tend to be more effective in female patients than male patients. Male tumors are usually more antigenic than female tumors, and this is reflected by their increased number of tumor mutations and cancer germline antigens. The biomarker tumor mutational burden (TMB), which reflects tumor antigenicity, is more effective at predicting immunotherapy response for female lung cancer patients than for male patients. In this review, we propose different therapeutic strategies for the different sexes: For male cancer patients, the immune environment should be enhanced, whereas for female cancer patients, tumor antigenicity should be enhanced.
Summary
Heat stress induces misfolded protein accumulation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in plants. Previous work has demonstrated the important ...role of a rice ER membrane‐associated transcription factor OsbZIP74 (also known as OsbZIP50) in UPR. However, how OsbZIP74 and other membrane‐associated transcription factors are involved in heat stress tolerance in rice is not reported. In the current study, we discovered that OsNTL3 is required for heat stress tolerance in rice. OsNTL3 is constitutively expressed and up‐regulated by heat and ER stresses. OsNTL3 encodes a NAC transcription factor with a predicted C‐terminal transmembrane domain. GFP‐OsNTL3 relocates from plasma membrane to nucleus in response to heat stress and ER stress inducers. Loss‐of‐function mutation of OsNTL3 confers heat sensitivity while inducible expression of the truncated form of OsNTL3 without the transmembrane domain increases heat tolerance in rice seedlings. RNA‐Seq analysis revealed that OsNTL3 regulates the expression of genes involved in ER protein folding and other processes. Interestingly, OsNTL3 directly binds to OsbZIP74 promoter and regulates its expression in response to heat stress. In turn, up‐regulation of OsNTL3 by heat stress is dependent on OsbZIP74. Thus, our work reveals the important role of OsNTL3 in thermotolerance, and a regulatory circuit mediated by OsbZIP74 and OsNTL3 in communications among ER, plasma membrane and nucleus under heat stress conditions.
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