This study investigates the causal linkage among CO2 emissions per capita, energy intensity, real GDP per capita, industrialization (share of industrial value added in GDP), urbanization (share of ...urban population in total population), and share of renewable energy consumption in China over the period from 1970 to 2015. We employ autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technology to test the co-integration and short- and long-run estimates, and apply the vector error correction model (VECM) to analyze the directional causality among the time series data. The estimates of long-run parameters indicate that 1% augments of energy intensity, real GDP, industrialization, and urbanization increase CO2 emissions by 1.1%, 0.6%, 0.3%, and 1.0%, respectively. Long-run feedback Granger causalities exist among emissions, real GDP, and industrialization. Thus, our main policy suggestions are as follows: (i) to encourage green and sustainable urbanization, as it increases economic growth but not at the expense of environmental degradation; (ii) to strategically adjust and optimize the industrial structure; (iii) to improve the efficiency of energy use and technological innovation; and (iv) to increase the proportion of renewable energy in total energy consumption.
•Variables except share of renewable energy play positive roles in emissions by ARDL.•Long-run bidirectional causality between emissions and industrialization is found.•Green and sustainable urbanization should be encouraged by government.•Share of renewable energy should be improved in total energy consumption.
This study is the first attempt to explore the impact of per capita renewable energy consumption and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in four selected countries of the ...Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN-4: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) from 1970 to 2013. By examining the existence of the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, our results of long-run estimates do not support the inverted U-shape EKC in the selected countries. The estimates indicate that increasing renewable energy and agriculture decreases CO2 emissions, while non-renewable energy is positively correlated to emissions. Short-run Granger causal relationships exist from non-renewable energy to emissions and to agriculture, from economic growth to agriculture, and from agriculture to renewable energy directly. Long-run causalities indicate the existence of feedback causalities between emissions, renewable energy and non-renewable energy. Our policy implication is that developing sustainable agriculture can promote renewable energy and reduce emissions.
•Causalities are examined between CO2 emissions, renewable energy, and agriculture.•No causality is found from renewable energy to agriculture.•The inverted U-shape EKC hypothesis doesn’t exist in selected ASEAN-4.•Developing renewable energy would improve the environment.•Sustainable agriculture can promote the renewable energy and reduce the emissions.
Northeast and Southeast Asian region is one of the fastest growing regions in CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, and international tourism. However, the relationships among emissions, real ...GDP, energy consumption, and tourism are little known. The purpose of present paper is to explore the linkage among CO2 emissions, real GDP, non-renewable and renewable energy, and tourism in panel of ten Northeast and Southeast Asian (NSEA-10) countries covering the period of 1995–2014. Environmental Kuznets curves are examined by fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and augmented mean group (AMG) based on individual country and panel data. Moreover, heterogeneous panel non-causality test is employed to analyze the causality among variables based on regional data. The empirical results reject the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in whole samples (NSEA-10), Northeast Asian countries (NEA-4), and Southeast Asian countries (SEA-6). Non-renewable energy is the big source of emissions, while renewable energy can reduce emissions in panel data. The development of tourism may lead to the environmental degeneration. The findings based on heterogeneous causality test are mixed in different regions.
•Linkages of emissions, GDP, energy use, tourism are examined in Asian countries.•Environmental Kuznets curves are tested based on individual and panel data.•Heterogeneous panel non-causalities are investigated based on panel data.•The impacts of tourism and renewable energy on emissions are mixed.
Microbes are crucial to the quality formation of Sichuan South-road Dark Tea (SSDT) during pile-fermentation, but their mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. Here, the glycoside hydrolase ...(GH) gene family and microbial function of
Y4 during solid-state fermentation were analyzed, and the results showed that many
genes being distributed in comparatively abundant GH17, GH18, GH76, GH31, GH47, and GH2 were discovered in
. They encoded beta-galactosidase, alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, alpha-xylosidase, mannosidase, etc., and most of the GHs were located in the exocellular space and participated in the degradation of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides.
Y4 could develop the mellow mouthfeel and "reddish brown" factors of SSDT via increasing the levels of water extracts, soluble sugars and amino acids but decreasing the tea polyphenols and caffeine levels, combined with altering the levels of thearubiins and brown index. It may facilitate the isomerization between epicatechin gallate and catechin gallate. Moreover, the expression levels of
(Beta-galactosidase gene) and
(Mannan endo-1,6-alpha-mannosidase DFG5 gene) were sharply up-regulated in fermentative anaphase, and they were significantly and negatively correlated with epicatechin content, especially, the expression of
was significantly and negatively correlated with catechin gallate level. It was hypothesized that
Y4 is likely to be an important functional microbe targeting carbohydrate destruction and catechin transformation during SSDT pile-fermentation, with
as a key thermotolerant functional gene.
This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth based on three models in China covering the period of 1982–2015. From the Ng-Perron (NP) and Zivot-Andrews (ZA) ...unit root test, each variable has no unit root in the first difference. Based on Johansen multivariable co-integration test and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test, the co-integrating relationship existed between selected variables. Moreover, dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), and ARDL estimates are used to estimate the coefficients of each variable, which presents that any increasing of each kinds of energy sources can increase China’s economic growth in the long term. Additionally, the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality test based on three models is investigated. Some implications based on the empirical results are given.
Microbes are critical in the Sichuan South-road Dark Tea (SSDT) organoleptic quality development during pile-fermentation. Piled tea center at fermenting metaphase is crucial for the conversion of ...its quality components. In this study, we investigated the microbial community of piled SSDT center below the stacked tea surface of 15 cm (SSDTB), 50 cm (SSDTX), and 85 cm (SSDTH) on the second turning time of pile-fermentation, respectively. Results showed that SSDTH and SSDTB had a higher similarity in the microbial community.
Pantoea
(36.8%),
Klebsiella
(67.7%), and
Aspergillus
(35.3%) were the most abundant in SSDTH, SSDTB, and SSDTX, respectively. We found 895 species were common among all samples, but 86, 293, and 36 species were unique to SSDTB, SSDTX, and SSDTH, respectively.
Aspergillus niger
showed high co-occurrence and was positively correlated with numerous microbes in SSDT samples, and
Aspergillus niger
M10 isolated from SSDTX was excellent at enhancing soluble sugar (SS), amino acids (AAs), theaflavin (TF), and thearubigins (TR) contents, while decreasing catechin (Cat), tea polyphenols (TPs)/AA, Caf/SS, Cat/SS, TPs/SS, and (TPs + Caf)/SS levels in AM10 post-fermentation, as compared with the control. Moreover, it also produced a noticeable difference in the CIELab parameters in dried, liquor, and infused tea colors between AM10 and control during fermentation. When it was further inoculated on differential mediums, we detected glycoside hydrolases, namely, β-glucosidase, mannosidase, pectinase, cellulase, amylase, and α-galactosidase being secreted by
Aspergillus niger
M10. Taken together, SSDXT presented a more unique microbial community.
Aspergillus niger
M10 probably improved the sweet and mellow taste, and the yellow brightness and red color of SSDT during fermentation. It also provided new insights into the microbial profile and organoleptic quality development mechanism of SSDT during pile-fermentation.
DEAD-box helicase (DDX) family members play differential roles in regulating innate antiviral immune response. However, the physiological roles played by DDX4 in antiviral innate immunity remain ...unclear. In this study, we unveiled that DDX4 acts as a positive regulatory molecule of Type-I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated antiviral activity. Our findings demonstrate that IFN-I upregulates DDX4 protein levels, and subsequently, overexpression of DDX4 enhances the IFN-I-mediated signaling pathway. This creates a positive feedback loop that amplifies the antiviral response. DDX4 was found to bind with deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), leading to the disruption of the interaction between USP7 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and the subsequent degradation of SOCS1. This process enhances the antiviral function of IFN-I. Our findings provide new insights into the regulatory role of DDX4 in the IFN-I response.IMPORTANCEDDX4, identified as a putative RNA helicase that modulates RNA secondary structure through RNA binding, is primarily acknowledged for its role in regulating mRNA translation within the germline. Nevertheless, the extent of DDX4's involvement in the antiviral innate immune response remains largely unexplored. This study presents evidence of a previously unrecognized positive feedback loop between DDX4 and the antiviral response, suggesting that disruption of this loop may serve as a novel mechanism for viral evasion. Furthermore, our findings elucidate a positive regulatory mechanism by which the DDX4/USP7/SOCS1 axis mediates the antiviral activity of Type-I interferon, which provides new insight into strategies for improving the efficacy of IFN-based antiviral therapy.
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•Factors of CO2 emissions are examined by Kaya-LMDI analysis in China.•Tapio method is used to determine the decoupling elasticity.•Reductions of energy and carbon intensity decrease ...carbon emissions’ growth.•Carbon emissions and the economy are weakly decoupled currently.
The main aim of this study is to investigate how the different drivers regulating incremental CO2 emissions have evolved in China over seven five-year plans (1991–2022). The study also examines how these different drivers’ (including population, economic development, energy intensity, share of renewable energy and its productivity, and carbon intensity) regulating of CO2 emissions have changed. The results are obtained by employing Kaya identity and logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) methodology. Additionally, the Tapio method is utilized to study the decoupling elasticity history of carbon emissions from China’s economy. The decoupling of carbon emissions from the economy due to different drivers is further investigated, and the results may inform and assist policymakers in determining environmentally sustainable policies. The results reveal that the value added of CO2 emissions reached its highest point in the 10th five-year plan (FYP) and has decreased every year thereafter. Economic factor and renewable energy share factor are the main reasons for the increase in carbon emissions. Those emissions peaked in the 11th and 12th FYPs, respectively, and have been gradually declining in subsequent years. Meanwhile, the energy intensity factor, the renewable energy utilization factor, and the carbon emission intensity factor, as the key contributors to carbon emission reduction, have made monumental contributions to carbon emission reduction. These factors reached their highest levels in the 12th and 13th FYPs, respectively. China was still in a stage of weak decoupling at this stage, but the decoupling elasticity is gradually converging to zero. On an individual basis, energy intensity, carbon intensity, renewable energy productivity, and population factor have a much greater ability to decouple than economic factor and renewable energy share factor. Some implications are offered, including the improvement of population quality, the promotion of a green and low-carbon economy, and the innovation of energy efficiency.
This study proposes a new type of method for the connection of the prefabricated coupling beam and shear wall to solve the problems in the construction of assembled frame-shear wall structures. To ...investigate the seismic properties of this new type of assembled coupling beam, experiments with 2 groups of test pieces under low-period cycling loads were completed. Furthermore, this study studied some important influence factors. Results show that this novel coupling beam has a similar performance to the cast-in-place coupling beam. The bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of cast-in-place structures increase with the increase in end block thickness and the ductility inversely, yet the bearing capacity, seismic energy dissipation capacity, and ductility of assembled coupling beam structure decrease with the increase in end block thickness. Numerical simulation shows that increasing the area of equivalent steel bars will increase its yield load but will also reduce the seismic energy dissipation capacity and ductility. The thicker the shear wall thickness, the higher specimen’s bearing capacity, the stronger the seismic energy dissipation capacity, and the worse the ductility is.
•The nexus of renewable energy-agriculture-emissions is examined in BRICS.•Positive of agriculture and negative of renewable energy affect emissions.•Renewable energy Granger causes emissions in ...short- and long-run.•No causality is found between agriculture and renewable energy.•Renewable energy use and agricultural management can halt the global warming.
The present paper is the first attempt to investigate the nexus of per capita renewable energy, agriculture, and CO2 emissions, together with output and non-renewable energy, in a 1992–2013 sample of BRICS countries. Panel unit root tests indicate that all the time series data are stationary in first difference, and panel co-integration tests prove the existence of co-integration relationship between the variables. The three panel long-run elasticities demonstrate that both per capita output and renewable energy play negative roles in emissions, while per capita nonrenewable energy and agriculture exert positive effects on emissions. Moreover, there is a feedback hypothetical relationship of CO2 emissions and non-renewable energy, unidirectional relationships from renewable energy to both emissions and non-renewable energy, from agricultural value added to output, and from output to non-renewable energy in the short-run. In the long-run, causalities are found from other variables to emissions, and to non-renewable energy use. Therefore, BRICS countries’ policymakers should encourage the consumption of renewable energy and strengthen the management of agriculture to halt global warming.
